UbuShamanism: incazelo, umlando nezinkolelo
Umkhuba we-shamanism utholakala emhlabeni wonke ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene ezihlukene futhi kubandakanya ingokomoya elivame ukuba phakathi kwesimo sokuqonda. UmShaman ngokuvamile unesikhundla esihlonishwayo emphakathini wakhe futhi udlala izindima ezibalulekile zobuholi.
UbuShamanism
"I-Shaman" igama elijwayelekile elisetshenziswa ngabezazi zezitshalo ukuchaza iqoqo elikhulu lemikhuba nezinkolelo, eziningi zazo eziphathelene nokubhula, ukuxhumana ngokomoya kanye nomlingo.
Enye yezinkolelo ezibalulekile ezitholakala emisebenzini yama-shamanistic ukuthi ekugcineni konke - nawo wonke umuntu - kuyaxhunyaniswa.
Ubufakazi bemikhuba yama-shamanic butholakele eScandinavia, eSiberia nakwezinye izindawo zaseYurophu, kanye naseMongolia, Korea, Japan, China nase Australia. Izizwe ze-Inuit neFirst Nations zaseNyakatho Melika zazisebenzisa ingokomoya le-shamanic, kanye namaqembu aseNingizimu Melika, eMesoamelika nase-Afrika.
Umlando kanye ne-anthropology
Igama elithi shaman uqobo lifakwe ndawonye. Ngenkathi abantu abaningi bezwa igama elithi shaman futhi ngokushesha bacabanga ngamadoda emithi aseNative American, empeleni izinto ziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunalokho.
"I-Shaman" igama elijwayelekile elisetshenziswa ngabezazi zezitshalo ukuchaza iqoqo elikhulu lemikhuba nezinkolelo, eziningi zazo eziphathelene nokubhula, ukuxhumana ngokomoya kanye nomlingo. Emiphakathini eminingi yendabuko, kufaka phakathi kodwa kungagcini ezizweni zoMdabu zaseMelika, umShamane ungumuntu ofaneleke kakhulu osechithe impilo yakhe yonke kulandela ukubizwa kwabo. Umuntu akavele nje azisholo ukuthi ungumuntu onobuhlanya; esikhundleni salokho kuyisiqu esinikezwe ngemuva kweminyaka eminingi yokufunda.
Ukuqeqeshwa nezindima emphakathini
Kwamanye amasiko, ama-shamans babevame ukuba ngabantu ababenesifo esithile esibuthakathaka, ukukhubazeka ngokomzimba noma ukuhubazeka noma okuthile okungajwayelekile.
Kwezinye izizwe zeBorneo, ama-hermaphrodite akhethwa ukuqeqeshwa kwe-shamanic. Ngenkathi amasiko amaningi kubukeka sengathi ayethanda abesilisa njengama-shamans, kwezinye bekungezwakali ukuthi abesifazane baqeqeshelwe ukuba ngama-shamans nabaphilisi. Umlobi uBarbara Tedlock uthi kwi-Woman in the Shaman's Body: Funa i-Feminine in Religion and Medicine ukuthi ubufakazi bukhona ukuthi ama-shamans okuqala atholakala ngesikhathi sePaleolithic eCzech Republic empeleni ayengabesifazane.
Ezizweni zaseYurophu, abesifazane kwakumelwe basebenze njengama-shamans eceleni noma ngisho nasendaweni yamadoda. Ama-sagas amaningi aseNorse achaza imisebenzi yemvelo ye-volva, noma imboni yabesifazane. Kuma-sagas amaningi nase-edda, izincazelo zesiprofetho ziqala ngomugqa ukuthi kuye kwafika iculo ezindebeni zakhe, okukhombisa ukuthi amagama alandela lawo ngawaphezulu, athunyelwa ngevolvo njengezithunywa konkulunkulu. Phakathi kwabantu abangamaCelt, kunenganekwane yokuthi abapristi abangamakhosikazi abayisishiyagalolunye bahlala esiqhingini esisogwini lwaseBreton babenekhono elikhulu kwezobuciko beziprofetho futhi benza imisebenzi yobupristi.
Encwadini yakhe ethi The Nature of Shamanism and the Shamanic Story, uMichael Berman uxoxa ngemibono eminingi eyiphutha ezungeze ama-shamanism, kufaka nomqondo wokuthi lo shaman ngandlela thile unemimoya asebenza nayo. Ngempela, uBerman uthi um-shaman uhlala ephethe ngokuphelele, ngoba akukho sizwe somdabu esingavuma umSharaman ongakwazi ukulawula umhlaba wemimoya. Uthi,
"Isimo esenziwe ngamabomu sabaphefumulelwe singabhekwa njengesimo sabo bobabili osopolitan kanye nabasiki bezenkolo u-Eliade ababiza ngokuthi ngabaprofethi, kanti isimo sokuzithathela njengesihlubuki sifana nesimo sobudlova."
Ubufakazi bemikhuba yama-shamanic butholakele eScandinavia, eSiberia nakwezinye izindawo zaseYurophu, kanye naseMongolia, Korea, Japan, China nase Australia. Izizwe ze-Inuit neFirst Nations zaseNyakatho Melika zazisebenzisa ingokomoya le-shamanic, kanye namaqembu aseNingizimu Melika, eMesoamelika nase-Afrika. Ngamanye amagama, kutholakale okuningi emhlabeni owaziwayo. Kuyathakazelisa ukuphawula ukuthi abukho ubufakazi obukhonkolo nobukhonkolo obuxhumanisa ama-shamanism nomhlaba weCeltic, isiGreki noma ulimi lwesiRoma.
Namuhla kunenqwaba yabahedeni abalandela uhlobo lwe-eclectic lwe-neo-shamanism. Ngokuvamile kubandakanya ukusebenza ne-totem noma izilwane ezingokomoya, ukuhamba kwamaphupho nokucwaninga okubonakalayo, ukuzindla kwe-trance kanye nokuhamba kwe-astral. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi okuningi kwalokho okuthengiswa njengamanje ngokuthi "ama-shamanism anamuhla" akufani nemikhuba yama-shamanic yabantu bomdabu. Isizathu salokhu silula: um-shaman wendabuko, otholakala esizweni esincane sasemakhaya esiko elikude, ucwiliswa kuleso siko usuku nosuku, futhi indima yakhe njenge-shaman ichazwa yizinto eziyinkimbinkimbi zamasiko alelo qembu.
UMichael Harner ungumvubukuli kanye nomsunguli weSisekelo se-Shamanic Study, iqembu elingenzi nzuzo elizinikezele ekugcineni imikhuba ye-shamanic kanye namasiko acebile amaqembu amaningi omdabu emhlabeni. Umsebenzi kaHarner's uzame ukubuyisela ubuShaman kwalesi sisebenzi se-neo-pagiste sanamuhla, ngenkathi ehlonipha imikhuba yasekuqaleni nezinhlelo zokukholelwa. Umsebenzi kaHarner ukhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwezigubhu ezinesigqi njengesisekelo esiyisisekelo sobuShamanism obuyisisekelo futhi ngonyaka we-1980 ushicilela i-The Way of the Shaman: Isiqondisi Somandla Nokuphulukisa. Le ncwadi ithathwa ngabaningi njengebhuloho phakathi kobuSheman bendabuko bendabuko nemikhuba yesimanje yamaNeoshaman.
Izinkolelo nemiqondo
Kuma-shamans okuqala, izinkolelo kanye nemikhuba zenziwa njengempendulo esidingweni esisisekelo somuntu sokuthola incazelo nokusebenzisa ukulawula okuthile kwemicimbi yemvelo. Isibonelo, inkampani yabazingeli engenza iminikelo ngemimoya ethonya usayizi wezinkomo noma ukuphana kwamahlathi. Imiphakathi eyalandela ngokwedlule ingathembela konkulunkulu nonkulunkulukazi ababelawula isimo sezulu, ukuze babe nokuvuna okuningi nemfuyo enempilo. Umphakathi wabe usuthembela emsebenzini wama-shaman enhlalakahleni yawo.
Enye yezinkolelo ezibalulekile ezitholakala emisebenzini yama-shamanistic ukuthi ekugcineni konke - nawo wonke umuntu - kuyaxhunyaniswa. Ukusuka ezitshalweni nasezihlahleni kuya emadwaleni nasezilwaneni nasemihumeni, zonke izinto ziyingxenye yenhlanganisela ephelele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yonke into ifakwe ngumoya wayo, noma umphefumulo, futhi ingaxhunywa endizeni engeyona eyeyaphysical. Lokhu kucabanga okwenziwe ngamamodeli kuvumela um-shaman ukuhamba phakathi komhlaba wangempela wethu kanye nokubuswa kwezinye izidalwa, esebenza njengesixhumi.
Futhi, ngenxa yamandla abo okuhamba phakathi komhlaba wethu nalowo womkhathi omkhulu ngokomoya, umShamane ngokuvamile ungumuntu ohlanganyela iziprofetho nemiyalezo ejwayelekile nalabo abangase badinge ukuzwa. Le milayezo ingaba yinto elula futhi igxile ngawodwana, kepha imvamisa kunalokho, izinto ezizothinta umphakathi wonke. Kwamanye amasiko, kuboniswana nge-shaman ukuthola umuzwa wabo nokuholwa ngaphambi kokuthatha izinqumo ezibalulekile kwabadala. Um shaman uvame ukusebenzisa amasu abangela ukujwayeza ukuthola lemibono nemiyalezo.
Ekugcineni, ama-shaman asebenza njengabaphilisi. Bangalungisa ukugula emzimbeni wenyama ngokuphatha ukungalingani noma ukulimaza umoya womuntu. Lokhu kungenziwa ngemikhuleko elula noma amasiko anhlobonhlobo ahlanganisa umdanso nengoma. Njengoba lesi sifo kukholakala ukuthi sivela emimoyeni emibi, i-shaman izosebenza ukukhipha izinto ezingezinhle emzimbeni womuntu futhi ivikele lowo muntu ekulimaleni okunye.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ubuShamanism ngokwako akuyona inkolo ngokwayo; esikhundleni salokho, iqoqo lemikhuba emihle yokomoya ethonywe ngumongo wesiko elikhona. Namuhla abantu abaningi basebenza ama-shamans futhi ngamunye wenza ngendlela ehlukile futhi ethile yomphakathi wabo nokubukwa komhlaba. Ezindaweni eziningi, ama-shamans anamuhla abandakanyeka kwezinhlangano zezepolitiki futhi kwesinye isikhathi abambe iqhaza elikhulu kwezishoshovu, ikakhulukazi lezo ezigxile ezindabeni zezemvelo.