St. John Chrysostom: Mlaliki wamkulu kwambiri wa mpingo woyambirira

anali m'modzi mwa alaliki akhazikitso ndi otchuka kwambiri ampingo woyambirira wachikhristu. Wochokera ku Antiokeya, Chrysostom adasankhidwa kukhala Patriarch wa Konstantinople mu 398 AD, ngakhale adasankhidwa kuti akhale pampando wotsutsa zofuna zake. Kulalikira kwake kopanda chidwi komanso kosasunthika kudali kopambana kwambiri kotero kuti zaka 150 atamwalira, adapatsidwa dzina loti Chrysostom, lomwe limatanthawuza "kamwa wagolide" kapena "lilime la golide".

Fulumira
Amadziwikanso kuti: Giovanni d'Antiochia
Wodziwika bwino: bishopu wamkulu wa ku XNUMXth wa ku Constantinople, chilankhulo cha manja, wotchuka kwambiri chifukwa cha ulaliki ndi makalata ambiri
Makolo: Secundus ndi Anthusa aku Antiokeya
Wobadwira: 347 AD ku Antiokeya, Syria
Adamwalira pa Seputembara 14, 407 ku Comana, kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Turkey
Mawu odabwitsa: “Kulalikira kumandithandizira. Ndikayamba kuyankhula, kutopa kumatha; ndikayamba kuphunzitsa, kutopa kumathanso. "
Moyo wakuubwana
John waku Antiokeya (dzina lomwe limadziwika pakati pa nthawi yake) adabadwa cha 347 AD ku Antiokeya, mzinda womwe anthu okhulupilira Yesu Khristu amatchedwa Akhristu (Machitidwe 11:26). Abambo ake, a Sekundus, anali msilikali wotchuka mu gulu lankhondo lachi Syria. Anamwalira Yohane ali mwana. Amayi a Giovanni, Anthusa, anali mayi wachikhristu wodzipereka ndipo anali ndi zaka 20 zokha atakhala wamasiye.

Ku Antiokeya, likulu la Syria komanso imodzi mwa malo ophunzitsira apanthawiyo, a Chrysostom adaphunzirira zisudzo, mabuku ndi malamulo pansi pa mphunzitsi wachikunja Libanio. Kwa kanthawi kochepa atamaliza maphunziro ake, Chrysostom adatsata lamulolo, koma posakhalitsa adayamba kumva kuyitanidwa kuti atumikire Mulungu.Anabatizidwa mchikhulupiriro chachikristu ali ndi zaka 23 ndipo adasiya ntchito yadziko lapansi ndikudzipereka kwa Khristu.

Poyamba, Chrysostom adalakalaka moyo wosangalatsa. Munthawi yake ngati wamonke (374-380 AD), adakhala zaka ziwiri akukhala kuphanga, atayima mosalekeza, akugona molimba ndikuloweza Baibulo lonse. Zotsatira zake zakudziyipa kwambiri, thanzi lake lidasokonekera kwambiri ndipo adayenera kusiya moyo wokonda kusangalala.

Atabwerako ku nyumba ya amonke, a Chrysostom adayamba kugwira ntchito kutchalitchi cha Antiokeya, akutumikira motsogozedwa ndi Meletius, bishopu waku Antiokeya ndi Diodorus, wamkulu wa sukulu yophunzitsa zamkati mumzinda. Mu 381 AD, Chrysostom adadzozedwa ngati dikoni ndi Meletius, ndipo, patatha zaka zisanu, adadzozedwa kukhala wansembe ndi Flavian. Nthawi yomweyo, chifukwa cholalikira mwaluso komanso wakhama kwambiri zinapangitsa kuti mpingo wonse wa Antiokeya ukhale ulemu komanso ulemu.

Maulaliki omveka, othandiza komanso amphamvu a Chrysostom adakoka anthu ambiri ndipo adakhudza kwambiri magulu achipembedzo ndi andale aku Antiokeya. Chidwi chake komanso kumveketsa bwino kwa kulumikizana kunasangalatsa anthu wamba, omwe nthawi zambiri amapita kutchalitchi kuti akamve bwino. Koma chiphunzitso chake chotsutsana nthawi zambiri chimamuika pamavuto ndi atsogoleri azipembedzo ndi andale a nthawi yake.

Mutu wanthawi zonse waulaliki wa Chrysostom unali wofunikira kwambiri kuti usamalire osowa. "Ndikupusa komanso kupusa pagulu kudzaza chipinda ndi zovala," atero ulaliki, "ndi kulola amuna omwe adapangidwa m'chifaniziro ndi chifanizo cha Mulungu kuti ayime amaliseche ndikugwedezeka chifukwa cha kuzizira kuti asadzitchinjirize. mapazi ".

Busa wa Konstantinople
Pa February 26, 398, motsutsana ndi zomwe adakana, Chrysostom adakhala bishopu wamkulu wa Konstantinople. Polamulidwa ndi Eutropio, yemwe ndi mkulu waboma, adabwera ndi gulu lankhondo ku Konstantinople ndipo bishopu wamkulu wopatulidwa. Eutropio amakhulupirira kuti tchalitchi chachikulu chimayenera kukhala ndi wokamba nkhani wabwino kwambiri. Chrysostom anali asanafune ukadaulo, koma adavomera ngati chifuno cha Mulungu.

Chrysostom, yemwe tsopano ndi m'modzi wa matchalitchi akuluakulu m'Matchalitchi Achikhristu, adatchuka kwambiri ngati mlaliki kwinaku akutsutsa nthawi yomweyo zomwe amatsutsa olemera komanso kupitiliza kwawo kusauka kwa anthu osauka. Mawu ake adapweteka makutu a wolemera ndi amphamvu pomwe ankadzudzula machitidwe awo oyipa oyipa. Kuboola kwambiri kuposa mawu ake anali moyo wake, womwe adapitiliza kukhala moyo wotsika, pogwiritsa ntchito ndalama zake zapabanja kuti azigwiritsa ntchito kuthandiza ovutika ndikumanga zipatala.

Posakhalitsa a Chrysostom adagwirizana ndi khothi la Konstantinople, makamaka mkazi wamfumu Eudoxia, yemwe adakhumudwitsidwa ndi zomwe adanyoza. Adafuna kuti Chrysostom atheretu ndipo adaganiza zomuletsa. Patangotha ​​zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi kuchokera pamene adasankhidwa kukhala Archbishopu, pa 20 June 404, Giovanni Crisostomo adachotsedwa ku Constantinople, osabweranso. Masiku ake onse anakhala mndende.

Woyera John Chrysostom, bishopu wamkulu wa Konstantinople, atayang'anizana ndi Eudoxia yemwe anali mfumu. Zimawonetsa kholo lakale lomwe limadzudzula mfumukazi ya Kumadzulo, Eudoxia (Aelia Eudoxia), chifukwa cha moyo wake wapamwamba komanso ulemu. Zojambula zolemba ndi Paul Paul Laurens, 1893. Augustins Museum, Toulouse, France.
Cholocha chamalo agolide
Thandizo lofunika kwambiri kwa John Chrysostom m'mbiri Yachikristu linali kupititsa patsogolo mawu kuposa abambo ena onse ampingo wakale wachi Greek. Anachita izi kudzera mu ndemanga zake zingapo za mu Bayibulo, zapakhomo, makalata ndi ulaliki. Zoposa 800 za izi zilipobe mpaka pano.

Chrysostom anali mlaliki wachikhristu wachangu kwambiri komanso wotchuka kwambiri wamasiku ake. Ndi mphatso yapadera yakulongosola komanso kugwiritsa ntchito kwake, ntchito zake zimaphatikizapo ziwonetsero zokongola kwambiri pamabuku a Baibulo, makamaka Genesis, Masalimo, Yesaya, Mateyu, Yohane, Machitidwe ndi makalata a Paulo. Ntchito zake zolemba pabukhu la Machitidwe ndizolemba zokha zomwe zidatsala pazaka zana loyamba la chikhristu.

Kuphatikiza pa maulaliki ake, ntchito zina zopirira zimaphatikizapo kuyankhula koyamba, motsutsana ndi omwe amatsutsana ndi moyo wamakhola, wolembera makolo omwe ana awo amawerengera ntchito yamphamvu. Adalembanso Malangizo kwa amphaka, Pazovuta zaumulungu ndi Paunsembe, momwe adapereka machaputala awiri pa luso la kulalika.

Giovanni d'Antiochia adalandira dzina lodziwika ngati "Chrysostom", kapena "lilime la golide", patatha zaka 15 atamwalira. Kwa Tchalitchi cha Roma Katolika, Giovanni Crisostomo amadziwika kuti ndi "Doctor of the Church". Mu 1908, Papa Pius X adadzisankhira woyera wa olambira achikristu, alaliki ndi okonza. Matchalitchi a Orthodox, Coptic ndi Eastern Anglican amamuonanso kuti ndi woyera.

Mu Prolegomena: The Life and Work of St. John Chrysostom, wolemba mbiri Philip Schaff amafotokoza a Chrysostom ngati m'modzi mwa amuna osowa omwe amaphatikiza ukulu ndi zabwino, luso komanso opembedza, ndikupitilizabe kuchita zolemba ndi zitsanzo zawo momwe zimasangalatsira Mpingo Wachikhristu. Anali munthu wa nthawi yake komanso nthawi zonse. Koma tiyenera kuyang'ana pa mzimu osati mawonekedwe a kupembedza kwake, komwe kumakhala chizindikiro cha nthawi yake. "

Imfa mu ukapolo

A John Chrysostom adakhala zaka zitatu mwankhanza ali ku ukapolo ndikuwaperekeza kumzinda wakutali wa Cucusus kumapiri a Armenia. Ngakhale kuti thanzi lake lidayamba kufooka, adakhalabe wokhazikika pakudzipereka kwake kwa Khristu, akulembera makalata olimbikitsa kwa abwenzi komanso kuchezeranso otsatira ake okhulupirika. Akusamukira kumudzi wakutali kum'mawa kwa Nyanja Yakuda, Chrysostom adagwa ndipo adapita naye kuchipinda china chapafupi ndi Comana kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Turkey komwe adamwalira.

Zaka makumi atatu ndi chimodzi atamwalira, mabwinja a Giovanni adawanyamula kupita nawo ku Konstantinople ndikuyikidwa mu Church of SS. Atumwi. Nthawi ya Nkhondo Yachinayi, mu 1204, zidutswa za Chrysostom zidatayika ndi achifwamba achikatolika ndikubwera nazo ku Roma, komwe adayikidwa mu mpingo wakale wa San Pietro ku Vaticano. Pambuyo pa zaka 800, zotsalira zake zidasinthidwa kupita ku Basilica yatsopano ya St. Peter, komwe adakhalako zaka zina 400.

Mu Novembala 2004, ngati mbali imodzi yoyesera kuyanjanitsa matchalitchi a Orthodox aku Eastern ndi Roma Katolika, Papa John Paul II adabweza mafupa a Chrysostom kwa mtsogoleri wachipembedzo Bartholomew I, mtsogoleri wa chipembedzo cha Orthodox. Mwambowu udayamba ku St. Peter Basilica ku Vatican City Loweruka 27 Novembala 2004 ndipo udapitilira tsiku lomaliza pomwe mabwinja a Chrysostom adabwezeretsedwanso pamwambo wamatchalitchi ku St. George Church ku Istanbul, Turkey.