Kutulutsa satana: chomwe chimayambitsa kuwonjezeka kwa ziwanda

M'zaka makumi angapo zapitazi, zikuwonekeratu kuti atsogoleri achipembedzo achikatolika akuchitira umboni kufunika kowotulutsa. Anthu odabwitsa ambiri amapulumutsidwa ku ziwanda sabata iliyonse, osati m'maiko osatukuka okha, komanso ku Great Britain ndi United States.

Papa Francis, yemwe amalankhula pafupipafupi za Mdyerekezi, adauza ansembe kuti "asazengereze" kufunsa otulutsa ziwanda ngati amva kuvomereza kapena awona machitidwe omwe akuwonetsa kuti ndi satana. Miyezi ingapo atachita upainiya, Francis iyemwini adachita zamtopola mwamwayi kwa munthu yemwe adali pa njinga ya olumala ku St. Mnyamatayo adabweretsedwa ndi wansembe waku Mexico yemwe adamuwonetsa kuti ali ndi chiwanda. Papa mosamala adayika manja awiri pamutu wamwamunayo, zikuwonekeratu kuti akuyang'ana kutulutsa ziwanda.

Papa woyamba waku Latin America amathandizira kutulutsa ziwanda ngati chida champhamvu chomenyera nkhondo mdani ndi gulu lake lankhondo. Monga ambiri amzake aku Latin America, Francis amawona Mdyerekezi ngati munthu weniweni amene amafesa chisokonezo ndi chiwonongeko padziko lapansi.

M'mwezi wa Epulo watha, a Vatican adakonza zokambirana pamipingo yochita ziwanda ku Rome. Ansembe opitilira 250 ochokera m'maiko 51 adasonkhana kuti aphunzire maluso aposachedwa otulutsira ziwanda. Kuphatikiza pa zida zauzimu zamadzi oyera, Baibulo ndi mtanda zinali zowonjezera zatsopano: foni yam'manja, molingana ndi zeitgeist yapadziko lonse lapansi, yotulutsa ziwanda kutali.

Kutulutsa ziwanda ndichinthu chakale pachikhulupiriro cha Katolika. Inali gawo lofunikira mu Chikatolika choyambirira. Kuwomboledwa ku ziwanda kunali mkati mwa anthu oyera, amoyo ndi akufa, ndipo analibe zochitika zapadera zomwe amapatsidwa.

M'zaka za m'ma Middle Ages, kutulutsa ziwanda kunasinthika, ndikukhala kosalunjika. Oyimira pakati auzimu monga mchere, mafuta ndi madzi adagwiritsidwa ntchito. Pambuyo pake, kupatulika kwa oyera mtima ndi malo awo opatulika, omwe amawoneka kuti ali ndi zozizwitsa, adayamba kugonjetsa ziwanda zenizeni. M'nthawi zamakedzana, kutulutsa ziwanda kunakhala chizolowezi chakumapeto, kuzisintha kuchoka pachionetserochi ndikukhala mwambo wachipembedzo womwe umakhudza ulamuliro wa ansembe.

Munthawi ya Kukonzanso, pomwe Tchalitchi cha Katolika chimalimbana ndi ziwopsezo za Apulotesitanti ndi magawano mkati, machitidwe ake anali odziwika. Chifukwa chake, kutulutsa ziwanda kunasinthidwa ndikumagwiritsa ntchito njira zovuta pomwe Tchalitchi chimayesetsa kukhazikitsa njira zowunika zowunikira komanso kuvomerezeka kwaumwini. Mwalamulo wafika poyera. Panabuka mafunso okhudza amene ali ndi mphamvu zotha kutulutsa ziwanda. Tchalitchi cha Katolika chinayamba kuletsa omwe angachite ziwanda.

Munali m'zaka za zana la 17 pomwe machitidwe otulutsa ziwembu adatanthauzidwa. M'malo mwake, mwambowu womwe ukugwiritsidwa ntchito masiku ano ndikutengera komwe kunapangidwa panthawiyo. Ngakhale kutulutsa ziwanda kunayamba kuchepa kutchuka, chithunzi cha satana chinawonekeranso modabwitsa pomwe magawano pakati pamagulu achikhristu munthawi ya Kukonzanso adalingaliridwa ngati nkhondo yopanda tanthauzo pakati pa asatana ndi Mpingo wa Mulungu.

Pakubwera kwa yotchedwa Age of Reason, yotanthauzidwa ndi kupita patsogolo kwasayansi, kulingalira, kukayikira komanso dziko ladziko, kutulutsa ziwanda kudatsutsidwa. Ngakhale mkati mwa Tchalitchi anzeru ena monga Blaise Pascal, yemwe amaphatikiza malingaliro azabodza ndi zamulungu mosabisa sayansi, anali ndi malingaliro olakwika pankhaniyi. Ma Exorcism omwe kale anali kufalikira momasuka anali oponderezedwa ndipo, ngakhale anthu wamba amafunafuna, kutulutsa ziwanda kumatsika.

M'zaka za zana la XNUMX ndi XNUMX, pomwe mankhwala amakono ndi psychology amapita patsogolo, kutulutsa ziwanda kunanyozedwa. Mafotokozedwe amisala ndi zamaganizidwe, monga khunyu ndi chipwirikiti, adaperekedwa chifukwa chake anthu amawoneka kuti ali ndi kachilombo.

Kutulutsa ziwanda kunabwerera modabwitsa m'ma 70. Kupambana kwa box box The Exorcist idawulula chikhulupiriro chofunikira komanso chofunikira pakukhala ndi ziwanda ndikufunika koti kumasula mizimu yozunzidwa ku mizimu yoyipa. Ansembe monga a Martin Martin (omwe, ziyenera kudziwika, pambuyo pake adamasulidwa ku mbali zina za malonjezo ake ndi Vatican) adadziwika chifukwa cha ntchito yawo yotulutsa ziwanda. Buku la Martin la 1976 Hostage to the Devil, lokhala ndi ziwanda, lidachita bwino kwambiri. Othandizira achikatolika aku America monga Francis MacNutt ndi Michael Scanlan nawonso atchuka, ndikupitilizabe kutulutsa ziwanda.

Komabe, chilimbikitso chachikulu chobwezeretsa ziwanda chimachokera kunja kwa Tchalitchi cha Katolika. Kukula kwa ntchitoyi kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi mpikisano wachipembedzo. Kuyambira zaka za m'ma 80, makamaka ku Latin America ndi Africa, Chikatolika chakhala chikukumana ndi mpikisano wowopsa kuchokera ku Pentekosti, chiwonetsero champhamvu kwambiri chachikhristu chomwe chatulukira mzaka zapitazi.

Mipingo ya Pentekosti imapereka moyo wabwino wauzimu. Ndi "pneumacentric"; ndiye kuti, amayang'ana kwambiri ntchito ya Mzimu Woyera. Amapereka kutulutsidwa kwa ziwanda ngati gawo lapadera lamachiritso awo. Pentekosti ndi gulu lachikhristu lomwe likukula kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, kuyambira pa 6% mwa Akhristu padziko lapansi mu 1970 mpaka 20% mu 2000, malinga ndi Pew.

Kuchokera kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 80, mpikisano ndi Pentekosti watsogolera kukhazikitsidwa kwa gulu la ansembe aku Latin America ogwirizana ndi Catholic Charismatic Renewal, odziwika bwino mu mautumiki a "kumasulidwa" (kapena kutulutsa ziwanda). Izi ndizofunikira pakadali pano kuti amasulidwe m'manja mwa ziwanda zomwe ansembe ena, monga wamkulu wachikoka ku Brazil, a Father Marcelo Rossi, amakondwereranso "anthu omenyera ufulu" (missas de libertação) sabata iliyonse. Rossi adavomereza ngongole yake yaubusa kwa mtsogoleri wa Pentekoste waku Brazil, Bishopu Edir Macedo, yemwe Universal Church of the Kingdom of God yabweretsa ziwanda patsogolo pa Chikhristu chokhazikika mu Latin America. "Anali Bishop Edir Macedo omwe adatidzutsa," atero a Don Rossi. "Adatikweza."

Ku Cameroon, a Fr Tsala, amonke a a Benedictine yemwe wakhala wansembe kwa zaka zoposa 25, nthawi zambiri amatsogolera anthu kukachotsa likulu ku Yaoundé. Sabata iliyonse amawapereka kwa anthu ambiri omwe amabwera kudzamuthandiza, omwe ali otchuka kwambiri kotero kuti ogwira ntchito zachitetezo akuyenera kuwonetsetsa kuti ogwira nawo ntchito samathandizana.

"Carole" anali m'modzi mwa omwe adatenga nawo gawo chaka chatha. Anali atafunafuna chithandizo chamakono chamankhwala chotheka cha chotupa chake muubongo, koma sizinathandize. Adatembenukira kwa Don Tsala ndipo, atapemphera nthawi zambiri komanso kuperekedwa ziwanda, akuti awona thanzi lake bwino.

Ndikukula kwa Kukonzanso Kwachikatolika pakati pa anthu ogwira ntchito ku Latin America ndi ku Africa, kufunikira kochiritsidwa mwakuthupi ndi kutulutsa ziwanda kwakula. Akatolika ambiri okhala m'mizinda, monganso anzawo a Pentekosti, amapempha thandizo kwa Mulungu pamavuto omwe amadza chifukwa cha umphawi. Chifukwa chake, okonda zam'madera ambiri amapempha Mzimu Woyera kuti awapatse mphamvu kuti athetse mavuto monga ulova, matenda, mikangano yapakhomo, ndi uchidakwa.

Ku Brazil ndi madera ambiri a ku Caribbean, kukhala ndi katundu nthawi zambiri kumatchedwa exús, kapena mizimu yabodza ya Candomblé, Umbanda, ndi zipembedzo zina zaku Africa. Ku Mexico, mzimu wakuchulukirachulukira wa Santa Muerte wotchuka umathamangitsidwa m'mipingo yawo. Ku Africa, nthawi zambiri kumakhala mizimu yakomweko komanso isanachitike Chikhristu yomwe imawatsutsa, monga Mami Wata ku West Africa kapena Tokoloshe ku South Africa.

Ku United States ndi Britain, padakali pano, amatchalitchi amakhulupirira kwambiri kuti ziwanda ndizomwe zimayambitsa masautso osiyanasiyana. Munthu waku America yemwe adafunsidwa kuchokera ku Deep South amakhulupirira kuti galimoto yomwe sangakonze ngakhale adapita maulendo angapo kupita ku garaja anali ndimphamvu za satana zomwe amaganiza kuti zingachotsedwe ndi wansembe wachikatolika.

Wansembe m'tchalitchi china chautumiki ku Georgia adanenanso kuti kuchuluka kwa anthu ochulukirapo m'zaka ziwiri zapitazi kwachuluka kwambiri kwakuti sikunathe kupitiliza. Achikatolika adadza kwa iye ndi zovuta zingapo zomwe zimapangitsa kuti akhale ndi ziwanda, kuyambira pa chikondi ndi mavuto azaumoyo mpaka kusintha umunthu. Ambiri adafunafuna chithandizo chaboma, monga chithandizo chamisala kapena chithandizo chamankhwala, chomwe chidalephera, asanatembenukire kwa wansembe.

Zonsezi zikutsimikizira kuti kutulutsa ziwanda kukukulirakulira ndipo sikulinso kochepera. Ndi kulephera kwa mankhwala amakono, psychology ndi chitonthozo cha capitalism kufotokoza zovuta, kuthana ndi mavuto kapena kupereka mwayi wofanana kwa onse, ziwanda ndi magulu a satana nthawi zambiri amaimbidwa mlandu wamavuto, kaya ku Africa, Latin America, ku Ulaya kapena ku United States.

Ngakhale masiku ano, mabungwe amakono, ntchito ndi malingaliro atalephera ndipo pakakhala kupanda chilungamo, ambiri amakhulupirira kuti zinthu zauzimu ndizomwe zimayambitsa. Kupatula apo, Mdyerekezi ali mwatsatanetsatane ndipo, kwa Akatolika ambiri, Satana amatha kukhala kuti amadzudzula chifukwa cha zoyipa za dziko