Kodi chodabwitsa ndi chiyani? Tanthauzo ndi zitsanzo
Liwu loti secicism limachokera ku liu Lachi Greek lodziwika bwino, lomwe limatanthawuza kuyambitsa chipembedzo chobisika. Zikutanthauza kufunafuna kapena kukwaniritsa chiyanjano chathu ndi Mulungu (kapena mtundu wina wa chowonadi chaumulungu kapena chowonadi). Munthu amene amatsatira bwino zakwaniritsa izi ndipo amatchedwa chinsinsi.
Ngakhale zokumana nazo zamatsenga zilibe chochitika chatsiku ndi tsiku, sizimadziwika ngati zopanga kapena zamatsenga. Izi zitha kukhala zosokoneza chifukwa mawu oti "zachinsinsi" (monga "luso lodabwitsa la Grande Houdini") ndi "chodabwitsa" amagwirizana kwambiri ndi mawu oti "zachinsinsi" ndi "chinsinsi".
Njira Zambiri Zotengera: Chinsinsi chake ndi chiyani?
Mysticism ndi zomwe zimachitika mwamphumphu kapena zauzimu.
Nthawi zina, amatsenga amadzakumana ndi gawo laumulungu; nthawi zina, amadziwa kuti amulungu amadzipatula pawokha.
Zoyambira zakhalapo m'mbiri yonse, padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo zimatha kuchokera kuzipembedzo, mtundu kapena chuma. Matsenga akadali gawo lofunikira mu zochitika zachipembedzo masiku ano.
Zosangalatsa zina zodziwika zakhudza kwambiri malingaliro, chipembedzo ndi ndale.
Tanthauzo ndi kuwunika mwachidule
Amatsenga ali ndipo akupitilizabe kutuluka m'miyambo yambiri yachipembedzo kuphatikiza Chikristu, Chiyuda, Chibuda, Chisilamu, Chihindu, Chitao, zipembedzo zaku South Asia ndi zipembedzo zotsutsana ndi zipembedzo padziko lonse lapansi. Zachidziwikire, miyambo yambiri imapereka njira zingapo zomwe akatswiri azamatsenga amakhala osamvetseka. Zina mwa zikhulupiriro zachipembedzo zachikhalidwe ndizophatikiza:
Mawu akuti "Atman ndi Brahman" mu Chihindu, omwe amatanthauzira kuti "mzimu ndi umodzi ndi Mulungu".
Zochitika za Buddha za tathata, zomwe zitha kufotokozedwa kuti "zenizeni izi" kunja kwa malingaliro a tsiku ndi tsiku, kapena zokumana nazo za Zen kapena Nirvana mu Buddhism.
Zochitika zachiyuda zodziwika bwino za sefirot, kapena mbali zina za Mulungu, zomwe kale zimamvetsetsa, zimatha kupereka chidziwitso chapadera mu chilengedwe cha Mulungu.
Zochitika za Shamanic ndi mizimu kapena kulumikizana ndi zaumulungu pokhudzana ndi kuchiritsidwa, kutanthauzira maloto, ndi zina zambiri.
Zochitika za Chikhristu zakuvumbulutsidwa kuchokera kwa Mulungu kapena mgonero ndi Mulungu.
Sufism, nthambi yachisilamu yachisilamu, yomwe akatswiri amachita nkhondo yolumikizana ndi amulungu kudzera "kugona pang'ono, kukambirana, chakudya chochepa".
Ngakhale zitsanzo zonsezi zitha kufotokozedwa ngati mitundu yamatsenga, sizifanana. Mu Buddha ndi mitundu ina ya Chihindu, mwachitsanzo, zachinsinsi zimagwirizanitsidwa komanso zimagwirizana ndi zaumulungu. Mu Chikristu, Chiyuda ndi Chisilamu, pomwepa, amatsenga amalumikizana ndikuchita zaumulungu, koma amakhalabe olekana.
Momwemonso, pali ena omwe amakhulupirira kuti "zenizeni" zodabwitsa sizingathe kufotokozedwa m'mawu; "wosasinthika" kapena chodabwitsa chosamvetsetseka nthawi zambiri chimatchedwa apopathic. Kapenanso, pali iwo omwe amakhulupirira kuti zochitika zodabwitsa zitha kufotokozedwa m'mawu; Akatswiri a kathafic amalankhula mosapita m'mbali za zomwe zinachitika.
Momwe anthu amakhala achinsinsi
Zachinsinsi sizosungidwa kwa anthu achipembedzo kapena gulu linalake la anthu. Azimayi amatha kuthekera ngati amuna (kapena mwina atha kukhala) ndi zokumana nazo zachinsinsi. Mavumbulutsidwe ndi mitundu ina yazinsinsi nthawi zambiri imakumana ndi osauka, osaphunzira komanso amdima.
Pali njira ziwiri zoyambira zodabwitsa. Anthu ambiri amavutikira kuti azilumikizana ndi amulungu kudzera mu zochitika zingapo zomwe zimaphatikizapo chilichonse kuyambira kusinkhasinkha ndi kuyimba mpaka kukapitilira mpaka kumayiko osokonekera. Ena, makamaka, akhala ndi mphamvu zakuzindikira chifukwa cha zochitika zosawerengeka zomwe zingaphatikizepo masomphenya, mawu kapena zochitika zina zosakhala zamakampani.
Chimodzi mwa zodabwitsa kwambiri chinali Joan wa Arc. Joan anali msungwana wazaka 13 wopanda maphunziro wamba omwe amati adakumana ndi masomphenya ndi mawu a angelo omwe adamuwongolera kuti awongolere France kupambana pa England pa Nkhondo ya Zaka zana. Mosiyana ndi izi, a Thomas Merton ndi amonke ophunzira kwambiri komanso olemekezeka omwe amaganiza za Trappist omwe moyo wawo wonse adadzipereka pakupemphera komanso kulemba.
Zosangalatsa kudzera m'mbiri
Zomwe zimachitika m'mbuyomu zakhala gawo lazomwe anthu adakumana nazo padziko lonse lapansi. Ngakhale kuti zodabwitsa sizingakhale m'gulu lililonse, mtundu kapena maziko, ndi achibale ochepa okha omwe adakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi filosofi, ndale kapena zochitika zachipembedzo.
Zinthu zakale zakale
Panali azitchuka azinsinsi padziko lonse lapansi ngakhale m'masiku akale. Ambiri, mwachidziwikire, anali amanyazi kapena amadziwika m'madera awo okha, koma ena asintha zina ndi zina. Pansipa pali mndandanda wachidule wa ena otchuka kwambiri.
Pythagoras, yemwe anali katswiri wamkulu wa masamu wachi Greek, anali wodziwika bwino chifukwa cha mavumbulutso ndi ziphunzitso zake pa mzimu.
Wobadwa kuzungulira 563 BC, Siddhārtha Gautama (Buddha) akuti amapeza chidziwitso atakhala pansi pamtengo wa bodhi. Ziphunzitso zake zakhudza dziko lapansi kwambiri.
Confucius. Wobadwa kuzungulira 551 BC, Confucius anali kazembe wa China, wanzeru komanso wachinsinsi. Ziphunzitso zake zinali zofunika m'masiku ake ndipo awonanso kubadwanso kwatsopano m'zaka zapitazo.
Amatsenga amakedzana
Mu Middle Ages ku Europe, panali azinsinsi ambiri omwe amadzinenera kuti amawona kapena kumva oyera mtima kapena amapeza mitundu yolumikizana ndi mtheradi. Zina mwazodziwika:
Meister Eckhart, wodziwa zaumulungu ku Dominican, wolemba komanso wazinsinsi, adabadwa cha m'ma 1260. Eckhart amadziwika kuti ndiwodziwikiratu kwambiri ku Germany ndipo ntchito zake zidakali ndi mphamvu.
Santa Teresa d'Avila, sisitere waku Spain, adakhala zaka 1500. Iye anali m'modzi mwa akatswiri anzeru, olemba komanso aphunzitsi a Tchalitchi cha Katolika.
Eleazar ben Juda, yemwe adabadwa kumapeto kwa 1100s, anali Myuda wodabwitsa komanso wophunzira yemwe mabuku ake amawerengedwa mpaka pano.
Zosangalatsa zamasiku ano
Mysticism idapitilizabe kukhala gawo lofunikira pa zochitika zachipembedzo kuyambira ku Middle Ages mpaka lero. Zina mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri za m'ma 1700 ndi kupitilira zimatha kuyambika ku zochitika zakale. Zitsanzo zikuphatikiza:
Martin Luther, woyambitsa wa Reformation, adatengera momwe amaganizira pa ntchito za Meister Eckhart ndipo mwina anali wosamvetseka.
Amayi Ann Lee, woyambitsa ma Shaker, adakumana ndi masomphenya ndi mavumbulutso zomwe zidamubweretsa ku United States.
Joseph Smith, woyambitsa Mormonism ndi The Latter-day Saint harakati, adayamba ntchito yake atakumana ndi masomphenya osiyanasiyana.
Kodi zodabwitsa ndizabodza?
Palibe njira yotsimikizirira chowonadi cha chinsinsi chamunthu. Zowonadi, zambiri zomwe zimadziwika kuti ndizodabwitsa zimatha kukhala chifukwa cha matenda amisala, khunyu kapena kuyerekezera zinthu. Komabe, akatswiri azachipembedzo komanso amisala komanso akatswiri ofufuza amakonda kuvomereza kuti zokumana nazo zenizeni ndizofunikira komanso zofunika. Mitu ina yomwe imalimbikitsa izi:
Kuphatikizika kwazidziwitso zodabwitsa: zakhala gawo la zochitika zaumunthu m'mbiri yonse, padziko lonse lapansi, mosasamala kanthu zokhudzana ndi zaka, jenda, chuma, maphunziro kapena chipembedzo.
Zotsatira Za Chinsinsi Chachinsinsi: Zambiri zomwe sizodabwitsa zimakumana ndi zovuta komanso zovuta kufotokoza zomwe zimakhudza anthu padziko lonse lapansi. Masomphenya a Joan waku Arc, mwachitsanzo, adatsogolera kupambana kwachi French ku Nkhondo Yaka Zaka Hundred.
Kulephera kwa akatswiri amitsempha komanso asayansi ena amakono kufotokoza zina zodabwitsa monga "chilichonse m'mutu".
Monga katswiri wazama maganizo komanso wafilosofi William James mu bukhu lake The mitundu ya zokumana nazo zachipembedzo: kafukufuku wokhudza umunthu, "Ngakhale ali ofanana ndi malo amomwe amamvera, zodabwitsa zimawoneka ngati zomwe zimawachitikira nawonso akhala maboma achidziwitso . ..) Ndizounikira, mavumbulutso, tanthauzo ndi kufunikira, onse okhala ndi mawonekedwe ngakhale ali otsalira; ndipo, monga lamulo, amabwera ndi chidwi chofuna kudziwonetsa pambuyo pake ".