Kodi chipembedzo ndi chiyani?
Ambiri amatsutsa kuti etymology ya chipembedzo imakhala mu liwu lachilatini religare, lomwe limatanthauza "kumanga, kumanga". Izi zikuwoneka kuti zimathandizidwa ndi lingaliro lakuti zimathandiza kufotokoza mphamvu zomwe chipembedzo chiyenera kumangirira munthu kumudzi, chikhalidwe, zochita, malingaliro, ndi zina zotero. The Oxford English Dictionary ikunena, komabe, kuti etymology ya mawuwa ndi yokayikitsa. Olemba akale monga Cicero anagwirizanitsa mawuwa ndi relegere , kutanthauza "kuwerenganso" (mwinamwake kutsindika chikhalidwe cha zipembedzo?).
Ena amatsutsa kuti chipembedzo kulibe ngakhale poyamba: pali chikhalidwe chokha, ndipo chipembedzo ndi mbali yofunika kwambiri ya chikhalidwe cha anthu. Jonathan Z. Smith akulemba mu Imagining Religion:
“… Ngakhale kuti pali kuchuluka kodabwitsa kwa zidziwitso za anthu, zochitika, zochitika ndi zofotokozera zomwe zitha kuzindikirika mu chikhalidwe chimodzi kapena chimzake, ndi njira ina, monga chipembedzo - palibe chidziwitso chachipembedzo. Chipembedzo ndicho chokha choyambitsa maphunziro a akatswiri. Amapangidwa kuti afufuze zolinga za katswiri kuchokera ku zochitika zake zongoyerekeza zofananiza ndi kuphatikizika. Chipembedzo chilibe chilichonse kupatula maphunziro. "
Nzowona kuti madera ambiri samasiyanitsa bwino chikhalidwe chawo ndi chimene akatswiri angachitcha “chipembedzo,” choncho Smith ndithudi ali ndi mfundo yolondola. Izi sizikutanthauza kuti chipembedzo kulibe, koma ndi bwino kukumbukira kuti ngakhale titaganiza kuti tili ndi dzanja pa zomwe chipembedzo chili, tingakhale tikudzinyenga tokha chifukwa sitingathe kusiyanitsa zomwe zili mu "chipembedzo" chokha. chikhalidwe ndi zomwe zili mbali ya chikhalidwe chachikulu chomwe.
Tanthauzo logwira ntchito ndi lomveka la chipembedzo
Zoyesa zambiri zamaphunziro ndi zamaphunziro zofotokozera kapena kufotokoza zachipembedzo zitha kugawidwa m'mitundu iwiri: yogwira ntchito kapena yokhazikika. Chilichonse chimayimira malingaliro osiyana kwambiri pa chikhalidwe cha ntchito ya chipembedzo. Ngakhale kuti n’zotheka kuti munthu avomereze mitundu yonse iwiriyi kuti ndi yolondola, kwenikweni anthu ambiri amangoganizira za mtundu umodzi kusiya winawo.
Tanthauzo lenileni la chipembedzo
Mtundu umene munthu amayang’ana kwambiri ukhoza kufotokoza zambiri za maganizo ake ponena za chipembedzo ndi mmene amaonera chipembedzo m’moyo wa munthu. Kwa iwo amene amayang'ana pa matanthauzo ofunikira kapena ofunikira, chipembedzo chimangokhudza zomwe zili mkati: ngati mumakhulupirira zinthu zina zomwe muli ndi chipembedzo, koma ngati simuzikhulupirira, mulibe chipembedzo. Zitsanzo ndi kukhulupirira milungu, kukhulupirira mizimu, kapena kukhulupirira chinthu chotchedwa “chopatulika”.
Kuvomereza tanthauzo lenileni la chipembedzo kumatanthauza kuona chipembedzo ngati mtundu wa filosofi, chikhulupiriro chodabwitsa, kapena kumvetsetsa kwachikale kwa chilengedwe ndi zenizeni. Kuchokera pamalingaliro ofunikira kapena ofunikira, chipembedzo chidayamba ndikukhalabe ngati bizinesi yongopeka yomwe imakhala ndikuyesera kudzimvetsetsa tokha kapena dziko lathu lapansi ndipo ilibe kanthu kochita ndi moyo wathu wamagulu kapena wamaganizidwe.
Matanthauzo achipembedzo
Kwa iwo omwe amayang'ana pa matanthauzo a magwiridwe antchito, chipembedzo ndi zonse zomwe zimachita: ngati chikhulupiliro chanu chimagwira ntchito inayake m'moyo wanu wamagulu, gulu lanu kapena moyo wanu wamaganizidwe, ndiye kuti ndi chipembedzo; mwinamwake, ndi chinthu china (monga filosofi). Zitsanzo za matanthauzo a magwiridwe antchito ndi monga kufotokozera za chipembedzo ngati chinthu chomwe chimagwirizanitsa gulu kapena kuchepetsa mantha a imfa a munthu.
Kuvomereza kulongosola kotereku kumabweretsa kumvetsetsa kosiyana kwambiri kwa chiyambi ndi chikhalidwe cha chipembedzo kusiyana ndi matanthauzo enieni. Kuchokera pamawonedwe a magwiridwe antchito, chipembedzo sichilipo kuti chifotokoze za dziko lathu lapansi koma kutithandiza kuti tipulumuke padziko lapansi, potimanga pamodzi ndi anthu kapena potithandizira m'maganizo ndi m'maganizo. Miyambo, mwachitsanzo, ilipo kuti itibweretsere tonse pamodzi monga gulu kapena kusunga maganizo athu m'dziko lachisokonezo.
Tanthauzo la chipembedzo lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito patsamba lino silimangoyang'ana momwe chipembedzo chimagwirira ntchito kapena chofunikira; m’malo mwake, chimayesa kuphatikizira ponse paŵiri mitundu ya zikhulupiriro ndi mitundu ya ntchito zimene chipembedzo chimakhala nacho kaŵirikaŵiri. Nanga bwanji mutenge nthawi yayitali kufotokoza ndi kukambirana mitundu ya matanthauzo awa?
Ngakhale sitikugwiritsa ntchito tanthauzo lachindunji kapena lofunikira pano, ndizowona kuti matanthauzidwe otere angapereke njira zosangalatsa zowonera chipembedzo, kutipangitsa kuyang'ana kwambiri mbali yomwe tikanayinyalanyaza. Ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa chifukwa chake aliyense ali wovomerezeka kuti amvetsetse chifukwa chake palibe aliyense woposa mnzake. Potsirizira pake, popeza kuti mabuku ambiri ofotokoza zachipembedzo amakonda kukonda mtundu wina wa matanthauzo kuposa ena, kumvetsetsa chimene iwo ali kungapereke lingaliro lomvekera bwino la tsankho ndi malingaliro a olembawo.
Matanthauzo Avuto a Chipembedzo
Tanthauzo la chipembedzo limakonda kuvutika ndi limodzi mwa mavuto aŵiri: mwina n’lopanikiza kwambiri ndipo limachotsa zikhulupiriro zambiri zimene ambiri amavomereza kuti n’zachipembedzo, kapena n’zosamveka bwino ndiponso zosamveka bwino, kusonyeza kuti pafupifupi chirichonse ndi chirichonse ndi chipembedzo. Chifukwa chakuti nkosavuta kugwera m’vuto limodzi poyesayesa kupeŵa linalo, mikangano yokhudzana ndi mkhalidwe wachipembedzo mwachiwonekere sidzatha.
Chitsanzo chabwino cha tanthawuzo laling'ono kwambiri kukhala lopapatiza ndi kuyesa kofala kufotokozera "chipembedzo" monga "kukhulupirira mwa Mulungu", kupatulapo zipembedzo zokhulupirira milungu yambiri ndi zipembedzo zokana Mulungu, kuphatikizapo okhulupirira omwe alibe chipembedzo. Vutoli timaliwona nthawi zambiri pakati pa omwe amaganiza kuti kukhwima kwa Mulungu mmodzi wa zipembedzo zaku Western zomwe amazidziwa bwino ziyenera kukhala zofunikira pachipembedzo chonse. Sizichitika kawirikawiri kuona kulakwitsa kumeneku kupangidwa ndi akatswiri, makamaka makamaka.
Chitsanzo chabwino cha tanthawuzo losamveka bwino ndi chizoloŵezi chotanthauzira chipembedzo monga "mawonedwe a dziko" - koma kodi malingaliro aliwonse a dziko angayenerere bwanji kukhala chipembedzo? Zingakhale zopusa kuganiza kuti zikhulupiriro zilizonse kapena malingaliro ndi achipembedzo, mosasamala kanthu za chipembedzo chokhazikika, koma izi ndi zotsatira za momwe ena amayesera kugwiritsa ntchito mawuwa.
Ena amanena kuti chipembedzo n’chovuta kuchifotokoza ndipo kuchuluka kwa matanthauzo otsutsana ndi umboni wakuti n’kosavuta. Vuto lenileni, molingana ndi malowa, liri pakupeza tanthauzo lomwe liri lothandiza komanso loyesa mwamphamvu - ndipo ndizowona kuti matanthauzo ambiri oyipa amatha kuthetsedwa mwachangu ngati omwe akuwalimbikitsa aika ntchito ina kuti ayese.
The Encyclopedia of Philosophy imatchula mikhalidwe ya zipembedzo m’malo molengeza chipembedzo monga chinthu chimodzi kapena chimzake, akumatsutsa kuti zizindikiro zambiri zikapezeka m’chikhulupiriro, m’pamenenso zimakhala “zofanana ndi zachipembedzo”:
Kukhulupirira zinthu zauzimu.
Kusiyanitsa pakati pa zinthu zopatulika ndi zonyansa.
Mwambo wokhazikika pa zinthu zopatulika.
Lamulo la makhalidwe abwino lomwe Mulungu amaona kuti ndi lovomerezeka.
Kawirikawiri malingaliro achipembedzo (mantha, malingaliro achinsinsi, kudziimba mlandu, kupembedza), omwe amayamba kudzutsidwa pamaso pa zinthu zopatulika komanso panthawi yochita mwambo komanso zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi lingaliro ndi milungu.
Pemphero ndi njira zina zolankhulirana ndi milungu.
Kaonedwe ka dziko, kapena chithunzi chonse cha dziko lonse ndi malo a munthu mmenemo. Chithunzichi chili ndi cholinga chambiri padziko lonse lapansi ndikuwonetsa momwe munthuyo akuloweramo.
Gulu lochulukirapo kapena locheperapo la moyo wamunthu wozikidwa pamalingaliro adziko.
Gulu la anthu ogwirizana ndi zomwe tazitchula pamwambapa.
Tanthauzo limeneli likufotokoza zambiri za zimene chipembedzo chili m’zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana. Zimaphatikizapo zochitika za chikhalidwe cha anthu, zamaganizo ndi mbiri yakale ndipo zimalola madera akuluakulu a imvi mu lingaliro lachipembedzo. Imazindikiranso kuti "chipembedzo" chimakhalapo mosalekeza ndi mitundu ina ya zikhulupiliro, kotero kuti ena sali achipembedzo konse, ena ali pafupi kwambiri ndi zipembedzo, ndipo ena ndi zipembedzo.
Kutanthauzira kumeneku sikuli kopanda zolakwika, komabe. Chizindikiro choyamba, mwachitsanzo, chimakhudza "zachilengedwe" ndipo chimapereka "milungu" monga chitsanzo, koma milungu yokha imatchulidwa pambuyo pake. Lingaliro la "zamoyo zauzimu" lilinso lachindunji; Mircea Eliade adatanthauzira zachipembedzo ponena za "zopatulika", ndipo izi ndizolowa m'malo mwa "zauzimu" chifukwa si zipembedzo zonse zomwe zimazungulira zauzimu.
Kutanthauzira kwabwinoko kwachipembedzo
Popeza zolakwika zomwe zili pamwambapa ndi zazing'ono, n'zosavuta kusintha pang'ono pang'ono ndikubwera ndi tanthauzo lomveka bwino la zomwe chipembedzo chiri:
Khulupirirani chinthu chopatulika (mwachitsanzo, milungu kapena zinthu zina zauzimu).
Kusiyanitsa pakati pa malo opatulika ndi onyansa ndi / kapena zinthu.
Zochita zamwambo zimangoyang'ana malo opatulika ndi / kapena zinthu.
Malamulo amakhalidwe abwino amene amakhulupirira kuti ali ndi maziko opatulika kapena amphamvu.
Nthawi zambiri malingaliro achipembedzo (mantha, kumva zachinsinsi, kudziimba mlandu, kupembedza), komwe kumadzutsidwa pamaso pa malo opatulika ndi / kapena zinthu komanso panthawi yamwambo womwe umangoyang'ana malo opatulika, zinthu kapena zolengedwa.
Pemphero ndi njira zina zoyankhulirana ndi zauzimu.
Lingaliro la dziko, malingaliro kapena chithunzi chonse cha dziko lonse lapansi ndi malo a anthu mkati mwake chomwe chili ndi kufotokoza kwa cholinga kapena mfundo ya dziko lapansi ndi momwe anthu amaloweramo.
Gulu lochulukirapo kapena lochepera la moyo wamunthu lozikidwa pamalingaliro adziko lino.
Gulu lachiyanjano lolumikizidwa ndi zomwe zili pamwambapa.
Ili ndilo tanthauzo lachipembedzo lomwe limalongosola machitidwe achipembedzo koma osati machitidwe omwe si achipembedzo. Imamvetsetsa zomwe zimachitika m'zikhulupiliro zomwe zimadziwika kuti ndi zipembedzo popanda kuyang'ana kwambiri za zochepa chabe.