Coronavirus: ndani adzalandira katemera woyamba? Zikwana ndalama zingati?
Ngati kapena asayansi atakwanitsa kupanga katemera wa coronavirus, sipangakhale zokwanira kuyenda.
Ma laboratories ofufuza ndi makampani opanga mankhwala akulembanso lamuloli pa nthawi yomwe amatenga kuti apange, kuyesa ndikupanga katemera wogwira ntchito.
Njira zomwe sizinachitikepo zikuchitika kuti katemerayu atulutsidwe padziko lonse lapansi. Koma akuwopa kuti mpikisano wopeza umodzi upambanidwa ndi mayiko olemera kwambiri, ndikuvulaza omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu.
Ndiye ndani azipeza kaye, zidzawononga ndalama zingati ndipo, pakavuta padziko lonse lapansi, tingawonetsetse bwanji kuti palibe amene watsalira?
Katemera wolimbana ndi matenda opatsirana nthawi zambiri amatenga zaka kuti apange, kuyesa ndikufalitsa. Ngakhale atero, kupambana kwawo sikutsimikizika.
Pakadali pano, ndi nthenda imodzi yokha yopatsirana yomwe yathetsedweratu - nthomba - ndipo yatenga zaka 200.
Zina zonse - kuyambira poliomyelitis mpaka kafumbata, chikuku, chikuku ndi chifuwa chachikulu - timakhala kapena ayi, chifukwa cha katemera.
Kodi tingayembekezere katemera wa coronavirus kuti?
Mayesero okhudza anthu masauzande ambiri ali mkati kuti awone katemera uti yemwe angateteze ku Covid-19, matenda opumira omwe amayamba chifukwa cha coronavirus.
Njira yomwe nthawi zambiri imatenga zaka zisanu mpaka 10, kuchokera pakufufuza mpaka pakubereka, imadulidwa mpaka miyezi. Pakadali pano, kupanga kwakula, pomwe ogulitsa ndi opanga akuika pachiwopsezo cha madola mabiliyoni kuti akhale okonzeka kupanga katemera wabwino.
Russia yati kuyesa kwa katemera wake wa Sputnik-V kwawonetsa zizindikilo za chitetezo cha mthupi mwa odwala komanso katemera wambiri ayamba mu Okutobala. China ikuti idapanga katemera wopambana womwe ukuperekedwa kwa asitikali ake. Koma nkhawa zafotokozedwa mwachangu momwe katemera onse amapangidwira.
Komanso sali pamndandanda wa katemera wa World Health Organisation omwe afikira gawo lachitatu la mayesero azachipatala, gawo lomwe limakhudza kuyesa kwakukulu kwa anthu.
Ena mwa otsogolawa akuyembekeza kuti adzalandira katemera kumapeto kwa chaka, ngakhale a WHO ati sakuyembekezera kuti katemera wa Covid-19 adzafika mpaka pakati pa 2021.
Wopanga mankhwala aku Britain a AstraZeneca, omwe ali ndi ziphaso zakuchiritsa ku University of Oxford, akuchulukitsa mphamvu zake pakupanga padziko lonse lapansi ndipo wavomera kupereka Mlingo 100 miliyoni ku UK kokha ndipo mwina mabiliyoni awiri padziko lonse lapansi - ngati ayenera kuchita bwino. Mayesero azachipatala adayimitsidwa sabata ino pambuyo poti wophunzirayo adakayikira kuti akuvutika ku UK.
Pfizer ndi BioNTech, omwe akuti apanga ndalama zopitilira $ 1 biliyoni mu pulogalamu yawo ya Covid-19 kuti apange katemera wa mRNA, akuyembekeza kukhala okonzeka kufunafuna mtundu wina wazovomerezeka kuyambira Okutobala chaka chino. chaka.
Ngati zivomerezedwa, zingatanthauze kutulutsa mpaka 100 miliyoni kumapeto kwa 2020 ndipo mwina kuposa 1,3 biliyoni kumapeto kwa 2021.
Pali makampani ena azachipatala pafupifupi 20 omwe ali ndi mayeso azachipatala omwe akupitilira.
Si onse omwe adzapambane - kawirikawiri pafupifupi 10% yamayeso a katemera ndi omwe amapambana. Chiyembekezo ndikuti chidwi chapadziko lonse lapansi, mgwirizano watsopano ndi cholinga chofananira zimawonjezera zovuta nthawi ino.
Koma ngakhale imodzi mwa katemeriyi itachita bwino, kuchepa kwake kukuwonekeratu.
Kuyesa katemera wa Oxford kudayimitsidwa pomwe wophunzirayo adadwala
Kodi tayamba bwanji kupeza katemera?
Pewani Katemera Wokonda Dziko Lanu
Maboma amateteza kubetcha kwawo kuti apeze katemera, omwe angapangire madola mamiliyoni ambiri ndi ofuna kusankha asanatsimikizidwe kapena kuvomerezedwa mwalamulo.
Mwachitsanzo, boma la UK lasayina mapangano osadziwika a katemera asanu ndi mmodzi omwe atha kukhala opambana kapena sangapambane.
United States ikuyembekeza kulandira milingo 300 miliyoni pofika Januware kuchokera pulogalamu yake yazachuma kuti ipititse patsogolo katemera wopambana. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) yalangizanso mayiko kuti akhale okonzekera kuyambitsa katemera koyambirira kwa Novembala 1.
Koma si mayiko onse omwe angathe kuchita chimodzimodzi.
Mabungwe monga Madokotala Opanda Malire, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala patsogolo pantchito zopereka katemera, akuti kupanga mapangano akutsogola ndi makampani azamankhwala kumabweretsa "njira yoopsa yodzitetezera ndi mayiko olemera kwambiri."
Izi zimachepetsa masheya apadziko lonse omwe amapezeka kwa omwe ali pachiwopsezo m'maiko osauka kwambiri.
M'mbuyomu, mtengo wa katemera wopulumutsa moyo wasiya mayiko akuvutika kuti ateteze ana ku matenda monga meningitis, mwachitsanzo.
Dr Mariângela Simão, Wachiwiri kwa Director-General wa WHO omwe ali ndi mwayi wopeza mankhwala ndi zinthu zathanzi, akuti tiyenera kuwonetsetsa kuti katemera wokonda dziko lanu akuyang'aniridwa.
"Vutoli likhala kuonetsetsa kuti anthu akupeza mwayi, kuti mayiko onse azitha kupeza, osati okhawo omwe angathe kulipira kwambiri."
Kodi pali gulu loteteza padziko lonse lapansi?
WHO ikugwira ntchito ndi gulu loyankha matendawa, Cepi, ndi bungwe la Vaccine Alliance la maboma ndi mabungwe, omwe amadziwika kuti Gavi, kuti ayese kufanana.
Pafupifupi mayiko 80 olemera komanso azachuma, mpaka pano, alowa nawo pulani ya katemera yapadziko lonse lapansi yotchedwa Covax, yomwe cholinga chake ndikupanga $ 2 biliyoni (£ 1,52 biliyoni) kumapeto kwa 2020 kuti athandizire kugula ndikugawa mankhwala moyenera. dziko lapansi. United States, yomwe ikufuna kuchoka ku WHO, siimodzi mwa iwo.
Pogwirizanitsa chuma ku Covax, ophunzira akuyembekeza kuwonetsetsa kuti mayiko 92 omwe amalandira ndalama zochepa ku Africa, Asia ndi Latin America alinso ndi "mwayi wofulumira, wachilungamo komanso wofanana" ku katemera wa Covid-19.
Malowa akuthandizira kulipira kafukufuku wambiri wa katemera ndikukula ndikuthandizira opanga pakupititsa patsogolo momwe akufunira.
Pokhala ndi mbiri yayikulu yoyeserera katemera yomwe idalembedwa mu pulogalamu yawo, akuyembekeza kuti m'modzi adzapambana kuti athe kupereka katemera wa biliyoni awiri wa katemera wotetezeka pofika kumapeto kwa 2021.
"Ndi katemera wa COVID-19 tikufuna kuti zinthu zizikhala zosiyana," atero a CEO a Gavi Dr Seth Berkley. "Ngati mayiko olemera kwambiri padziko lapansi atetezedwa, malonda apadziko lonse lapansi, malonda ndi mabungwe onse apitilirabe kugunda kwambiri pomwe mliriwu ukupitilirabe padziko lonse lapansi."
Zikwana ndalama zingati?
Ngakhale mabiliyoni amadola agulitsidwa pakukula kwa katemera, mamiliyoni ena alonjeza kugula ndi kupereka katemerayu.
Mitengo pamlingo uliwonse imadalira mtundu wa katemera, wopanga ndi kuchuluka kwa mankhwala omwe adalamulidwa. Mwachitsanzo, kampani yopanga zamankhwala Moderna, ikugulitsa mwayi wopezeka ndi katemera wake pamtengo wapakati pa $ 32 ndi $ 37 (£ 24 mpaka £ 28).
Mosiyana ndi izi, AstraZeneca adati ipereka katemera wake "pamtengo" - madola ochepa pamlingo uliwonse - panthawi ya mliriwu.
Serum Institute of India (SSI), yomwe imapanga katemera wamkulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, imathandizidwa ndi $ 150 miliyoni kuchokera ku Gavi ndi Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation kuti ipange ndi kupereka katemera wokwana 100 miliyoni wa Covid-19 opambana ku India ndi mayiko omwe amapeza ndalama zochepa komanso apakati. Amati mtengo wokwera kwambiri ndi $ 3 (£ 2,28) pakatumikira.
Koma odwala omwe alandila katemerayu sangayankhidwe milandu nthawi zambiri.
Ku UK, kugawa misa kudzachitika kudzera pa ntchito yazaumoyo ya NHS. Ophunzira zamankhwala ndi anamwino, madokotala a mano komanso akatswiri azachipatala atha kuphunzitsidwa kuti athandizire anthu omwe alipo a NHS pakuwathandiza. Kufunsaku kukuchitika.
Maiko ena, monga Australia, ati apereka miyezo yaulere kwa anthu awo.
Anthu omwe amalandira katemera kudzera m'mabungwe othandizira - gulu lofunikira pakufalitsa padziko lonse lapansi - sadzalipidwa.
Ku United States, ngakhale jakisoni atha kukhala waulere, akatswiri azaumoyo atha kulipiritsa ndalama zowaperekera kuwombera, kusiya anthu aku America osatetezedwa omwe angakumane ndi ndalama za katemera.
Ndiye amayamba ndi ndani?
Ngakhale makampani azamankhwala apanga katemerayu, sangasankhe yemwe adzalandira katemera woyamba.
"Bungwe lililonse kapena dziko lililonse liyenera kudziwa kuti ndi ndani amene amateteza kaye ndi momwe angachitire," Sir Mene Pangalos - Wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti wa AstraZeneca adauza BBC.
Popeza kupezeka koyamba kudzakhala kocheperako, kuchepetsa imfa komanso kuteteza machitidwe azaumoyo akuyenera kukhala patsogolo.
Dongosolo la Gavi likuwonetseratu kuti mayiko omwe adalembetsa ku Covax, ndalama zambiri kapena zochepa, alandila miyezo yokwanira 3% ya anthu, zomwe zingakwaniritse ogwira ntchito zaumoyo komanso othandizira.
Pomwe katemera wochulukirapo amapangidwa, magawowa akuwonjezeka kuti athetse 20% ya anthu, nthawi ino ndikupatsa patsogolo oposa 65 ndi magulu ena omwe ali pachiwopsezo.
Onse atalandira 20%, katemerayu adzagawidwa molingana ndi zina, monga chiwopsezo cha dzikolo komanso chiwopsezo cha Covid-19.
Mayiko akhala mpaka Seputembara 18 kuti achite nawo pulogalamuyi komanso azilipira pasadakhale pa Ogasiti 9. Zokambirana zikadapitilirabe pazinthu zina zambiri pazopereka mphothoyo.
"Chowonadi chokha ndichakuti sipadzakhala zokwanira - zotsalazo zikadali mlengalenga," akutero Dr. Simao.
Gavi akulimbikira kuti ophunzira olemera angafunike kuchuluka kokwanira katemera pakati pa 10-50% ya anthu, koma palibe dziko lomwe lingalandire miyezo yokwanira yopatsira katemera wopitilira 20% mpaka mayiko onse mgululi apatsidwa ndalamazi.
Dr Berkley akuti gawo laling'ono la 5% ya milingo yonse yomwe ipezeke iyikidwa pambali, "kuti pakhale gulu lothandizira kuphulika kwadzidzidzi ndikuthandizira mabungwe othandizira, mwachitsanzo, katemera othawa kwawo omwe mwina alibe mwayi ".
Katemera woyenera ali ndi zambiri zoti achite. Ziyenera kukhala zosavuta. Iyenera kupanga chitetezo champhamvu komanso chosatha. Imafunikira njira yosavuta yogawa m'firiji, ndipo opanga amafunika kuti azitha kupanga mwachangu.
WHO, UNICEF ndi Medecins Sans Frontieres (MFS / Madokotala Opanda Malire), ali kale ndi mapulogalamu ogwira katemera padziko lonse lapansi omwe ali ndi zida zotchedwa "cold chain": magalimoto ozizira komanso mafiriji a dzuwa kuti azisamalira katemera pa kutentha koyenera mukamayenda kuchokera kufakitoleyo kupita kumunda.
Katemera wapadziko lonse lapansi "adzafuna ma jeti okwana 8.000"
Koma kuwonjezera katemera watsopano pakusakaniza kumatha kubweretsa zovuta zazikulu kwa omwe akukumana kale ndi zovuta.
Katemera amayenera kusungidwa mufiriji, nthawi zambiri pakati pa 2 ° C ndi 8 ° C.
Sizovuta zambiri m'maiko otukuka, koma itha kukhala "ntchito yayikulu" pomwe zomangamanga ndizofooka ndikupereka magetsi komanso kusakhazikika kwamafiriji.
"Kusunga katemera munyengo yozizira ndi vuto limodzi lalikulu lomwe mayiko akukumana nalo ndipo izi zidzawonjezeredwa ndikubweretsa katemera watsopano," a Barbara Saitta, mlangizi wa zamankhwala ku MSF, adauza BBC.
"Muyenera kuwonjezera zida zowonjezera zamagetsi ozizira, onetsetsani kuti nthawi zonse mumakhala ndi mafuta (kuyendetsa mafiriji ndi mafiriji kulibe magetsi) ndikuwakonza / kuwabwezeretsa akamaphwanya ndikunyamula komwe mukuwafuna."
AstraZeneca adati katemera wawo amafunika kuzizira pakati pa 2 ° C ndi 8 ° C.
Koma zikuwoneka kuti katemera wina woyenera adzafunika kusungika kozizira kwambiri mpaka -60 ° C kapena kutsika asanasungunuke ndikugawidwa.
"Kuti katemera wa Ebola asunge -60 ° C kapena ozizira timayenera kugwiritsa ntchito zida zapadera zamakina ozizira kuzisunga ndi kuzinyamula, komanso tinayenera kuphunzitsa ogwira ntchito kugwiritsa ntchito zida zatsopanozi," adatero Barbara. Saitta.
Palinso funso la anthu omwe akuwatsata. Mapulogalamu a katemera nthawi zambiri amalimbana ndi ana, motero mabungwe amafunika kukonzekera momwe angafikire anthu omwe siomwe amakhala nawo pantchito yotemera.
Pamene dziko likuyembekezera asayansi kuti achite gawo lawo, zovuta zina zambiri zikuyembekezera. Ndipo katemera si chida chokhacho chothana ndi coronavirus.
"Katemera si njira yokhayo yothetsera vutoli," akutero a Dr Simao a WHO. “Umafunika matenda. Mukusowa njira yochepetsera kufa, ndiye kuti mukufunika chithandizo komanso katemera.
"Kupatula apo, mukusowa china chilichonse: kuyanjana ndi anthu, kupewa malo okhala anthu ambiri ndi zina zambiri."