Zomwe zidayambitsa chisokonezo chachikulu mu Tchalitchi mu 1054

Kukangana kwakukulu kwa 1054 kunayambitsa mkangano woyamba m'mbiri ya Chikristu, ndikulekanitsa Tchalitchi cha Orthodox ku East ndi Tchalitchi cha Roma Katolika kumadzulo. Mpaka nthawi imeneyo, Chikristu chonse chidalipo pansi pa thupi limodzi, koma matchalitchi ku East anali kupanga zosiyana pakati pa azikhalidwe ndi azachipembedzo ku West. Pang'onopang'ono kusamvana kunayamba pakati pa nthambi ziwirizi ndipo kenako kunayamba kuwonjezereka mu Great Schism ya 1054, yotchedwanso East-West Schism.

Mtsutso waukulu wa 1054
Kutsutsana kwakukulu kwa 1054 kunapangitsa kugawanika kwa Chikristu ndikuyambitsa kupatukana pakati pa matchalitchi a Orthodox ku East ndi mpingo waku Roma Katolika kumadzulo.

Tsiku Loyamba: Kwa zaka zambiri, kusamvana kukukula pakati pa nthambi ziwirizo mpaka pomaliza pomwe adayamba kuphika pa Julayi 16, 1054.
Amadziwikanso kuti: The East-West Schism; kutsutsana kwakukulu.
Osewera ofunika: Michele Cerulario, Patriarch of Constantinople; Papa Leo IX.
Zoyambitsa: kupembedza, zamulungu, zandale, zachikhalidwe, ulamuliro ndi zilankhulo.
Zotsatira: kulekanitsidwa kwathunthu pakati pa Tchalitchi cha Roma Katolika ndi Eastern Orthodox, Greek Orthodox ndi Russian Orthodox. Kuyanjana kwaposachedwa pakati pa Kum'mawa ndi Kumadzulo kwasintha, koma matchalitchi adagawanikana mpaka pano.
Pakatikati pa kupasuka kumeneku kunali zomwe papa wachiroma ankanena kuti ali ndi ulamuliro komanso ulamuliro padziko lonse. Tchalitchi cha Orthodox ku East chinavomera kulemekeza papa koma chimakhulupirira kuti zampingo ziyenera kulingaliridwa ndi bungwe la mabishopu ndipo, chifukwa chake, sichingalole kuti papa akhale wolamulira wopanda vuto lililonse.

Pambuyo pa chiphokoso chachikulu cha 1054, matchalitchi a Kum'mawa adakhazikitsa matchalitchi a Orthodox, Greek ndi Russian Orthodox, pomwe matchalitchi aku Western amapangidwa ku tchalitchi cha Roma Katolika. Nthambi ziwirizi zidakhala zochezeka mpaka nthawi yomwe Nkhondo yachinayi idalanda Constantinople mu 1204. Mpaka pano, kutsutsanako sikunakonzedwenso.

Nchiyani chinatsogolera ku mkangano waukulu?
Pofika zaka za zana lachitatu, ufumu wa Roma unakula kwambiri komanso ovuta kuwulamulira, motero Emperor Diocletian adaganiza zogawa maufumuwo m'magawo awiri: Ufumu Wachi Roma Wakumadzulo ndi Ufumu Wodziwika wa Roma komanso monga Byzantine Kingdom. Chimodzi mwazinthu zoyambirira zomwe zidapangitsa magawo awiriwo kusuntha chinali chilankhulo. Chilankhulo chachikulu ku West chinali Chilatini, pomwe chilankhulo chachikulu ku East chinali Chi Greek.

Tizilombo ting'onoting'ono
Ngakhale matchalitchi a mu Ufumu wogawanika adayamba kulekanitsa. Akuluakulu akale anali ndi ulamuliro mmagawo angapo: Patriarch of Rome, Alexandria, Antioch, Constantinople ndi Yerusalemu. Patriarch wa ku Roma (papa) anali ndi ulemu wa "woyamba pakati pa ofanana", koma analibe ulamuliro pazomwezo.

Kusagwirizana kakang'ono komwe kumatchedwa "zovuta zazing'ono" kunachitika mzaka mazana ambiri chisanafike Great Schism. Schism yoyamba (343-398) inali pa Arianism, chikhulupiriro chomwe chimakana kuti Yesu ali ndi chinthu chofanana ndi Mulungu kapena kuti ndi wofanana ndi Mulungu, chifukwa chake sichinali chaumulungu. Chikhulupiriro ichi chinavomerezedwa ndi ambiri ku Eastern Church koma okanidwa ndi Western Church.

Umboni wina wocheperako, mthethe wa mthethe (482-519), umakhala wokhudzana ndi kukambitsirana kwamunthu wamunthu wokhazikika mu thupi la Yesu, makamaka ngati Yesu khristu anali ndi umunthu wa umunthu kapena mawonekedwe awiri apadera (aumulungu ndi aumunthu). Chitsutso china chaching'ono, chotchedwa Photian schism, chinachitika m'zaka za zana la XNUMX. Zovuta za magawikidwe zimangokhala kusakwatira, kusala kudya, kudzoza ndi mafuta komanso kuyenda kwa Mzimu Woyera.

Ngakhale zinali zakanthawi, magawano pakati pa Kum'mawa ndi Kumadzulo adayambitsa ubale wowawa pamene nthambi ziwiri zachikristo zidakulirakulira. Mwa zaumulungu, Kummawa ndi Kumadzulo adatenga njira zosiyana. Njira ya Chilatini nthawi zambiri idakhazikitsidwa pa izi, pomwe malingaliro achi Greek anali odabwitsa komanso opeka. Lingaliro Lachi Latin lidayambitsidwa kwambiri ndi malamulo achi Roma komanso maphunziro azachipembedzo, pomwe Agiriki ankamvetsetsa zaumulungu kudzera m'malingaliro ndi kupembedza.

Kusiyana kwazinthu zauzimu ndi pakati pa nthambi ziwirizo. Mwachitsanzo, matchalitchi adagwirizana kuti ndizovomerezeka kugwiritsa ntchito mkate wopanda chotupitsa pamiyambo yachikondwerero. Mipingo yaku Western idathandizira mchitidwewu, pomwe Agiriki amagwiritsa ntchito mkate wopanda chotupitsa mu Ekaristia. Matchalitchi Akummawa adalola kuti ansembe awo akwatiwe, pomwe a Latin adalimbikira kusakwatira.

Pambuyo pake, chidwi cha makolo akale aku Antiokeya, Yerusalemu ndi Alexandria adayamba kufooka, ndikupangitsa kuti Roma ndi Konstantinople awoneke ngati magawo awiri amphamvu ampingo.

Kusiyana kwa ziyankhulo
Popeza chilankhulo chachikulu cha anthu mu ufumu wa Kum'mawa chinali Chi Greek, matchalitchi a Kum'mawa adapanga miyambo yachi Greek, pogwiritsa ntchito chilankhulo cha Chigriki pamiyambo yawo yachipembedzo komanso kumasulira kwa Chipangano Chakale kupita ku Septuagint Greek. Mipingo yaku Roma inkachita mapemphero mu Chilatini ndipo Mabaibulo awo adalembedwa mu Latin Vulgate.

Iconoclastic mkangano
M'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chisanu ndi chinayi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, mkangano udabukanso pakugwiritsa ntchito zifaniziro polambira. Mfumu ya Byzantine Leo III yalengeza kuti kupembedza milungu yachipembedzo kunali kwachinyengo komanso kopembedza mafano. Mabishopu ambiri Akummawa adagwirizana ndi ulamuliro wa mfumu yawo, koma Tchalitchi chakumadzulo sichinasinthe ndikuchirikiza kugwiritsa ntchito zithunzi zachipembedzo.

Zizindikiro za Byzantine
Tsatanetsatane wa Mose pazithunzi za Byzantine za Hagia Sophia. Zithunzi za Muhur / Getty
Kutsutsana pamawu a Filioque
Kutsutsana pamawu a filioque kudayambitsa imodzi yovuta kwambiri yotsutsa kum'mawa ndi kumadzulo kwa tsutsano. Kutsutsana kumeneku kunakhazikika pa chiphunzitso cha Utatu komanso ngati Mzimu Woyera amatuluka kuchokera kwa Mulungu Atate kapena kwa Atate ndi Mwana.

Filioque ndi mawu achi Latin otanthauza "ndi mwana". Poyambirira, Chikhulupiriro cha ku Nicene chimangonena kuti Mzimu Woyera "umachokera kwa Atate", mawu omwe amatanthauza kuti Mzimu Woyera ndi Mzimu Woyera. Filioque clause idawonjezedwa pazomwe amakhulupirira ku Western Church kuti awonetse kuti Mzimu Woyera umachokera kwa Atate "ndi Mwana".

Tchalitchi chakum'mawa chidayesetsa kuti chipangidwe cha Chikhulupiriro Chachinayi chisasinthike, kusiya zomwe zidalipo. Atsogoleri a Kummawa adanenetsa mokweza kuti Kumadzulo alibe ufulu wosintha zikhulupiriro zachikhulupiriro zachikhristu popanda kufunsa mpingo waku Eastern. Kuphatikiza apo, amakhulupirira kuti kuwonjezeraku kunavumbula kusiyana kwenikweni pakati pa nthambi ziwirizi ndi kamvedwe kake ka Utatu. Tchalitchi cha Kum'mawa chimakhulupirira kuti ndizokhazokha komanso zowona, ndikumakhulupirira kuti zamulungu za Azungu zidangokhazikitsidwa molakwika ndi lingaliro la Ogasiti, lomwe amalingalira kuti heterodox, zomwe zimatanthawuza kuti sizowona komanso zongopeka.

Atsogoleri kumbali zonse ziwiri adakana kusuntha pankhani ya filioque. Mabishopu akum'mawa adayamba kutsutsa papa ndi mabishopu kumadzulo kwa mpatuko. Pamapeto pake, matchalitchi awiriwa adaletsa kugwiritsa ntchito miyambo yampingo wina ndikuchotsa mpingo uliwonse wachikhristu.

Nchiyani chomwe chinasindikiza chisokonezo chakumadzulo-kumadzulo?
Chosokoneza kwambiri pa zonse komanso mikangano yomwe idabweretsa Great Schism pamutuwu lidali funso la oyang'anira zachipembedzo, makamaka ngati papa ku Roma ali ndi mphamvu pa nzika za Kum'mawa. Tchalitchi cha Chiroma chakhala chikuchirikiza ukulu wa papa wa Chiroma kuyambira zaka za zana lachinayi ndipo akuti anali ndi ulamuliro pa mpingo wonse. Atsogoleri aku Kummawa adalemekeza papa koma adakana kumupatsa iye mphamvu yodziwitsa mfundo zamalamulo ena kapena kusintha zisankho za makhonsolo achitetezo.

Mu zaka zam'mbuyo za Great Schism, mpingo ku East unkatsogozedwa ndi Patriarch of Constantinople, Michele Cerularius (pafupifupi 1000-1058), pomwe mpingo ku Roma unkatsogozedwa ndi Papa Leo IX (1002-1054).

Pa nthawiyo, mavuto anali kumwera kwa Italy, komwe kunali mbali ya Ufumu wa Byzantine. Asitikali achi Norman anali atalanda mzindawo, ndikugonjetsa maderalo ndikusintha mabishopu Achigriki ndi aku Latin. Cerularius atazindikira kuti a Norman amaletsa miyambo yachi Greek m'matchalitchi akumwera chakum'mawa kwa Italy, adabwezera chifukwa atatseka miyambo yachi Latin ku Konstantinople.

Mikangano yawo yomwe idakhala nthawi yayitali idayambika pomwe Papa Leo adatumiza mlangizi wake wamkulu wa Humbert ku Constantinople ndi malangizo kuthana ndi vutoli. Humbert adadzudzula mwamphamvu ndikutsutsa zomwe Cerularius adachita. Cerularius atanyalanyaza zopemphazo za apapa, anathamangitsidwa monga Patriarch of Constantinople pa Julayi 16, 1054. Poyankha, a Cerularius anawotcha ng'ombe yaupapa yochotsa mpingo ndikulengeza kuti bishopu waku Roma ndi wachinyengo. Tsoka lakumawa-kumadzulo lidasindikizidwa.

Kuyesera kuyanjananso
Ngakhale Great Schism ya 1054, nthambi ziwirizi zidalankhulanabe momasuka mpaka nthawi ya Nkhondo Yachinayi. Komabe, mu 1204, omenyera ufulu wakumadzulo adabalalitsa mwankhanza Konstantinople ndikuipitsa tchalitchi chachikulu cha Byzantine cha Saint Sophia.

Catzone wa Byzantine wa Saint Sophia
Tchalitchi chachikulu cha Byzantine, a Hagia Sophia (Aya Sofya), adalanda m'nyumba ndi mandala amaso. zosangalatsa / zithunzi za Getty
Tsopano popeza kuti chidakwiracho chinali chokhazikika, nthambi ziwiri zachikristo zidagawanika pazachipembedzo, pandale komanso pazinthu zokhudzana ndi zovuta. Kuyesera kuyanjananso kunachitika ku Second Council ya Lyon mu 1274, koma mgwirizano unakanidwa mwapadera ndi mabishopu aku East.

Mpaka posachedwa, m'zaka za zana la 20, ubale pakati pa nthambi ziwirizi unachita bwino kwambiri kuti upite patsogolo pochotsa kusiyana kwina. Kukambirana pakati pa atsogoleri kunatsogolera kukhazikitsidwa kwa Joint Katolika-Orthodox Declaration ya 1965 yachiwiri ndi Khothi Lachiwiri la Vatikani ku Roma ndi mwambo wapadera ku Konstantinople. Chikalatacho chinazindikira kuti ma sakaramenti amatchalitchi am'maiko aku Eastern, anachotsa zofunikazo ndikuwonetsa kuti akufuna kuyanjananso mosalekeza pakati pa matchalitchi awiriwa.

Kuyesayesa kopitilira kuyanjanitsa kunaphatikizapo:

Mu 1979 Joint International Commission for Theological Dialogue pakati pa Tchalitchi cha Katolika ndi Orthodox Church idakhazikitsidwa.
Mu 1995, Patriarch Bartholomew I waku Konstantinople adapita koyamba ku Vatican City, kuti alowe nawo mgulu lachipembedzo chopemphera chamtendere.
Mu 1999, Papa John Paul II adapita ku Romania atayitanidwa ndi Patriarch of the Romanian Orthodox Church. Mwambowu unali ulendo woyamba wa papa kupita ku dziko la Eastern Orthodox kuyambira Great Schism ya 1054.
Mu 2004, Papa John Paul II adabweza nkhanizo kum'mawa kuchokera ku Vatikani. Kuchita izi kunali kofunika chifukwa zidutswa zomwe amakhulupirira kuti zabedwa kuchokera ku Konstantinople nthawi ya Nkhondo Yachinayi mu 1204.
Mu 2005 Patriarch Bartholomew I, pamodzi ndi atsogoleri ena a Orthodox Church yaku Eastern, adapita nawo kumaliro a Papa John Paul II.
Mu 2005, Papa Benedict XVI adatinso kudzipereka kwake pantchito yogwirizanitsa.
Mu 2006, Papa Benedict XVI adayendera ku Istanbul atayitanidwa ndi nduna yakale wachipembedzo Bartholomew I.
Mu 2006, Archbishop Christodoulos wa Greek Orthodox Church adachezera Papa Benedict XVI ku Vatikani paulendo woyamba wa mtsogoleri wa tchalitchi ku Greece kupita ku Vatikani.
Mu 2014, Papa Francis ndi Patriarch Bartholomew adasaina chikalata chotsimikiza kudzipereka kwawo kufuna umodzi pakati pa matchalitchi awo.
Ndi mawu awa, Papa John Paul Wachiwiri adati akuyembekeza kuti mtsogolo adzagwirizana: "M'zaka chikwi chachiwiri [cha Chikristu] matchalitchi athu anali okhazikika pakupatukana kwawo. Tsopano Zakachikwi zachitatu za Chikristu zili pa ife. Mulole kuyambika kwa zaka chikwi izi ku mpingo womwe ukhalanso wogwirizana kwathunthu ".

Popemphera pamwambo wokumbukira zaka 50 za Chikumbutso cha Katolika-Orthodox, Papa Francis anati: "Tiyenera kukhulupilira kuti monga mwala wamanda asanayikidwe, chomwechonso chopinga pa mgonero wathu wonse komanso kuchotsedwa. Nthawi zonse tikayika malingaliro athu okhalitsa kumbuyo kwathu ndikupeza kulimba mtima kuti timange ubale wapaubwenzi, timavomereza kuti Kristu adawukitsidwadi. "

Kuyambira nthawi imeneyi, maubale amapitilizabe kuyenda bwino, koma mavuto akulu amakhalabe osathetsa. Kummawa ndi Kumadzulo sikungagwirizane kwathunthu pazigawo zonse zaumulungu, andale komanso zadziko.