Zikhulupiriro zoyambira ndi mfundo zachikhalidwe za Buddhism

Buddhism ndi chipembedzo chokhazikitsidwa ndi ziphunzitso za Siddhartha Gautama, wobadwa m'zaka za zana lachisanu BC ku komwe tsopano ndi Nepal komanso kumpoto kwa India. Amadziwika kuti "Buddha", zomwe zikutanthauza "kudzutsidwa", atatha kuzindikira bwino za moyo, imfa ndi kukhalapo. Mu Chingerezi Buddha amadziwika kuti adawunikiridwa, ngakhale ku Sanskrit ndi "bodhi" kapena "kudzutsidwa".

Kwa moyo wake wonse, Buddha adapita ndikuphunzitsa. Komabe, sanaphunzitse anthu zomwe adakwaniritsa pamene amawunikira. M'malo mwake, idaphunzitsa anthu momwe angadzipangire kuyatsa. Anaphunzitsanso kuti kudzutsidwa kumadza kudzera mu zomwe mumakumana nako, osati kudzera mu zikhulupiriro ndi ziphunzitso.

Panthawi ya kumwalira kwake, Chibuddha chinali kagulu kakang'ono kamene sikakhudzidwe pang'ono ku India. Koma m'zaka za zana lachitatu BC, mfumu ya India inapanga Buddhism chipembedzo chadziko.

Chi Buddha kenako chidafalikira kudutsa ku Asia kuti chikhale chimodzi mwa zipembedzo zazikulu zadziko lonse lapansi. Ziwerengero zakuchuluka kwa Abuddha padziko lapansi masiku ano zimasiyana, makamaka chifukwa anthu ambiri ku Asia amatsatira zipembedzo zopitilira chimodzi ndipo chifukwa chake ndizovuta kudziwa kuti ndi anthu angati omwe amatsatira Buddha m'maiko achikominisi monga China. Chiyerekezo chodziwika bwino ndi mamiliyoni a 350, ndikupanga Buddha kukhala chachinayi kwambiri paz zipembedzo zapadziko lonse lapansi.

Chibuda ndi chosiyana kwambiri ndi zipembedzo zina
Chibuda ndi chosiyana kwambiri ndi zipembedzo zina mpaka anthu ena amakayikira ngati ndizipembedzo. Mwachitsanzo, pakati pazipembedzo zambiri ndi chimodzi kapena zambiri. Koma Buddhism si malingaliro. Buddha adaphunzitsanso kuti kukhulupirira milungu sikunali kothandiza kwa iwo omwe amafuna kupeza tanthauzo.

Zipembedzo zambiri zimafotokozedwa ndi zomwe amakhulupirira. Koma m'Buddha, kungokhulupirira ziphunzitso si mfundo. Buddha adati ziphunzitso siziyenera kuvomerezedwa chifukwa zimapezeka m'Malemba kapena zophunzitsidwa ndi ansembe.

M'malo mophunzitsa kuloweza ndikukhulupirira ziphunzitso, Buddha adadziphunzitsa momwe mungadziwire choonadi. Cholinga cha Buddhism ndikuchita m'malo mokhulupirira. Njira yayikulu ya machitidwe a Buddhist ndi Eightfold Path.

Ziphunzitso zoyambira
Ngakhale zimatsindika pakufufuza kwaulere, Chibuddha chitha kumvetsetsa bwino ngati chilango komanso chiphuphu chofunafuna mu izi. Ndipo ngakhale ziphunzitso za Buddha siziyenera kuvomerezedwa pazikhulupiriro zopanda nzeru, kumvetsetsa zomwe Buddha adaphunzitsa ndizofunikira pakulangidwako.

Maziko a Buddhism ndi mfundo zinayi zabwino izi:

Choonadi chovutika ("dukkha")
Chowonadi cha choyambitsa mavuto ("samudaya")
Choonadi cha mathero a mavuto ("nirhodha")
Chowonadi chanjira chomwe chimatimasulira ku mavuto ("magga")

Zokha, zoonadi sizimawoneka ngati zochuluka. Koma pansi pa chowonadi pali magawo ambiri osawerengeka a chiphunzitso chokhudza momwe moyo uliri, umunthu, moyo ndi imfa, osanenapo zowawa. Apa sikuti ndikungokhulupirira mu ziphunzitso, koma kuti mufufuze, mumvetsetse ndikuwayesa ndi zomwe mwakumana nazo. Ndi njira yowunikira, kumvetsetsa, kutsimikizira komanso kuzindikira zomwe zimafotokoza Chibuda.

Masukulu angapo a Chibuda
Pafupifupi zaka 2000 zapitazo Chi Buddha chidagawika m'masukulu akuluakulu awiri: Theravada ndi Mahayana. Kwa zaka zambiri, Theravada yakhala mtundu wachipembedzo chachi Buddha ku Sri Lanka, Thailand, Cambodia, Burma, (Myanmar) ndi Laos. Mahayana ndi otchuka ku China, Japan, Taiwan, Tibet, Nepal, Mongolia, Korea ndi Vietnam. Zaka zaposachedwa, Mahayana adalandiranso otsatira ambiri ku India. Mahayana amagawidwanso m'masukulu ambiri a sekondale, monga dziko loyera ndi Theravada Buddhism.

Vajrayana Buddhism, omwe amaphatikizidwa kwambiri ndi Buddhism waku Tibet, nthawi zina amafotokozedwa ngati sukulu yayikulu yachitatu. Komabe, masukulu onse a Vajrayana alinso mbali ya Mahayana.

Masukulu awiriwa amasiyana makamaka pakumvetsetsa kwawo chiphunzitso chotchedwa anatman kapena anatta. Malinga ndi chiphunzitso ichi, palibe "Ine" m'lingaliro la kukhala ndi moyo wokhazikika, wophatikizidwa, wodziyimira payekha mkati mwa munthu. Anatman ndi chiphunzitso chovuta kumvetsetsa, koma kuti mumvetsetse kuti ndikofunikira kupanga Buddha.

Kwenikweni, Theravada amakhulupirira kuti wopanga amatanthauza kuti zomwe munthu kapena umunthu wake ndi zabodza. Akamasulidwa ku chinyengo ichi, akhoza kusangalala ndi chisangalalo cha Nirvana. Mahayana amakankhira kumtunda patsogolo. Ku Mahayana, zochitika zonse sizimadziwika bwino ndipo zimangotengera zokhudzana ndi zochitika zina. Palibe zenizeni kapena zosatheka, kukhudzana kokha. Chiphunzitso cha Mahayana chimatchedwa "shunyata" kapena "chopanda tanthauzo".

Nzeru, chifundo, chikhalidwe
Nzeru ndi chifundo zimanenedwa kuti ndi maso awiri a Buddha. Nzeru, makamaka ku Mahayana Buddhism, zimatanthauzira kuzindikira kwa anatman kapena shunyata. Pali mawu awiri omwe atanthauzidwa kuti "chifundo": "metta ndi" karuna ". Metta ndikwabwino kwa zolengedwa zonse, popanda tsankho, lomwe ndilopanda chikondi. Karuna amatanthauza kukhudzidwa ndi chikondi komanso chikondi chachikulu, kufunitsitsa kupirira kupweteka kwa ena, komanso mwina kuwamvera chisoni. Iwo omwe anakwaniritsa zikhalidwe zabwinozi amatsatira chilichonse moyenera, malinga ndi chiphunzitso chachi Buddha.

Maganizo olakwika pa Buddhism
Pali zinthu ziwiri zomwe anthu ambiri amaganiza kuti amadziwa za Buddha: kuti Abuddha amakhulupirira kuti munthu akamwalira amakabadwanso kwina ndipo onse Abuda ndi anthu wamba. Izi ziwiri sizowona, komabe. Ziphunzitso za Buddha za kubadwanso mwatsopano ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi zomwe anthu ambiri amatcha "kubadwanso mwatsopano". Ndipo ngakhale zamasamba zimalimbikitsidwa, m'magulu ambiri zimawoneka ngati zosankha zanu zokha, osati zofunikira.