Chiyuda: tanthauzo la Shomer ndi chiyani?

Ngati mudamvapo wina akunena kuti ndine Shabat shomer, mwina mumakhala mukuganiza kuti tanthauzo lake limakhala lotani. Liwu loti shomer (שומר, plom shomrim, שומרים) limachokera ku liwu lachihebri shamar (שמר) ndipo limatanthawuza kuteteza, kuyang'ana kapena kusunga. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokoza zomwe munthu wina akuchita ndi zomwe amatsatira mmalamulo achiyuda, ngakhale limagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati dzina m'chinenedwe chamakono cha Chihebri pofotokoza ntchito yolondera (mwachitsanzo, ndi malo osungirako zinthu zakale).

Nawa ena mwa zitsanzo zofala kwambiri zogwiritsa ntchito shomer:

Ngati munthu asunga kosher, amatchedwa shomer kashrut, kutanthauza kuti amatsatira malamulo osiyanasiyana azakudya zachiyuda.
Wina yemwe ali shomer Shabbat kapena shomer Shabbos amasunga malamulo ndi malamulo onse a Sabata yachiyuda.
Mawu akuti shomer negiah amatanthauza munthu amene amatsatira malamulo okhudzana ndi kupewa kugonana ndi anyamata kapena atsikana.
Shomer m'malamulo achiyuda
Kuphatikiza apo, shomer mu malamulo achiyuda (halacha) ndi munthu yemwe ali ndi ntchito yoteteza katundu kapena katundu wa munthu wina. Malamulo a shomer amachokera pa Ekisodo 22: 6-14:

(6) Mwamuna akapereka ndalama kapena zinthu kwa woyandikana naye kuti azisungidwa, ndipo abedwa m'nyumba ya mwamunayo, wakuba akapezeka, azilipira kawiri. (7) Wakuba akapezeka, mwininyumbayo ayenera kupita kwa oweruzawo, kuti alumbire kuti sanaike dzanja lake pachuma cha mnzakeyo. (8) Pa mawu aliwonse ochimwa, ng'ombe, bulu, mwana wankhosa, chovala, chilichonse chomwe chatayika, chomwe anene kuti zili choncho, chifukwa cha oweruza onse awiriwa, [ndi] aliyense oweruza azilandira mlandu, azilipira kawiri mnzake. (9) Mwamuna akapatsa mnansi wake bulu, ng'ombe, mwanawankhosa kapena chiweto kuti asungidwe osungirako, namwalira, athyole miyendo kapena kugwidwa ndipo palibe amene akuona, (10) lumbiro la Yehova likhale pakati pa anthu awiri pokhapokha kuti saika dzanja lake pa katundu 'wotsatira, ndipo mwiniwake azilandira, osalipira. (11) Koma ngati yabedwa, azilipira mwiniwake. (12) Ngati akung'ambika, azichitira umboni. [kwa] wong'ambika amene sadzalipira. (13) Ngati munthu abwereka [nyama] kwa mnzake ndi kuthyoka miyendo kapena kumwalira, ngati mwiniwakeyo alibe, ayenera kulipira. (14) Ngati mwiniwake ali ndi iye, salipidwa; ngati ndi ganyu [wanyama], abwera kuti adzamulembe ntchito.

Magawo anayi a Shomer
Kuchokera pamenepa, anthu anzeruwo adabwera m'magulu anayi a shomer ndipo, mulimonse, munthu ayenera kukhala wololera, osakakamizidwa, kuti akhale shomer.

shomer hinam: woyang'anira wosalipira (woyambira Ekisodo 22: 6-8)
shomer sachar: msungi wolipira (koyambirira kwa Eksodo 22: 9-12)
Soher: the tenant (kuyambira pa Ekisodo 22:14)
shoel: wobwereketsa (wochokera pa Ekisodo 22: 13-14)
Iliyonse ya magulu awa ali ndi magawo ake osiyanasiyana malinga ndi mavesi omwe ali mu Ekisodo 22 (Mishnah, Bava Metzia 93a). Ngakhale masiku ano, mdziko lachiyuda la Orthodox, malamulo achitetezo amagwiranso ntchito.
Chimodzi mwazidziwitso zodziwika bwino zachikhalidwe cha pop chomwe chimadziwika masiku ano pogwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti shomer amachokera mu kanema wa 1998 "The Big Lebowski", pomwe munthu wa John Goodman Walter Sobchak amakwiya pamasewera ampira osanenapo kuti ndi Shabbos shomer.