The Darshanas: mawu oyambira ku filosofi yachihindu

A Darshanas ndi masukulu anzeru zochokera ku Vedas. Ali m'gulu la malemba asanu ndi limodzi achi Hindu, ena asanu akhale ma shrutis, Smritis, Itihasa, Purana ndi Agamas. Pomwe anayi oyambayo ali opanga chidwi komanso achisanu komanso olimbikitsa komanso achikondi, a Darshanas ndi magawo anzeru am'mabuku achihindu. Mabuku a Darshana ndiwachilengedwe mwachilengedwe ndipo amapangidwira akatswiri omwe amakhala ndi maphunziro komanso kumvetsetsa. Pomwe ma Itihasas, Puranas ndi Agamas amapangidwira anthu ambiri ndikukopa mtima, Darshanas imakopa aluntha.

Kodi nzeru za Chihindu zimagawidwa bwanji?
Filosofi yachihindu ili ndi magawo asanu ndi limodzi - Shad-Darsana - njira zisanu ndi chimodzi za Darshanas kapena njira zoonera zinthu, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimatchedwa makina asanu ndi limodzi kapena masukulu amaganizo. Magawo asanu ndi limodzi a nzeru ndi zida zowonetsera chowonadi. Sukulu iliyonse imatanthauzira, kuyanjana ndikugwirizanitsa magawo osiyanasiyana a Vedas m'njira yake. Dongosolo lililonse limakhala ndi Sutrakara yake, ndiye kuti, wamkulu wokhazikika amene amatsatira ziphunzitso za sukuluyo ndipo posakhalitsa anaziyika mu aphorisms kapena Sutras.

Kodi machitidwe asanu ndi amodzi a filosofi ya Ahindu ndi ati?
Masukulu osiyanasiyana amaganizo ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimatsogolera ku cholinga chomwecho. Mitundu isanu ndi umodzi iyi ndi:

Mutu: Sage Gautama adapanga malingaliro a Nkhani kapena dongosolo lanzeru la India. Mutu umawerengedwa kuti ndi chofunikira pakufufuza kwanzeru kulikonse.
Vaiseshika: Vaiseshika ndi Nkhani yowonjezera. Kanada wanzeru adalemba Vaiseshika Sutra.
Sankhya: Sage Kapila adayambitsa dongosolo la Sankhya.
Yoga: yoga ndizowonjezera ku Sankhya. Sage Patanjali adayendetsa sukulu ya Yoga ndikupanga Yoga Sutras.
Mimamsa: Sage Jaimini, wophunzira wamkulu wa Vyasa, analemba Sutras ya Sukulu ya Mimamsa, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa motengera miyambo ya Vedas.
Vedanta: Vedanta ndizowonjezera ndi kuzindikira kwa Sankhya. Sage Badarayana adalemba Vedanta-Sutra kapena Brahma-Sutra omwe amawonetsa ziphunzitso za Upanishads.

Kodi cholinga cha Darshanas ndi chiyani?
Cholinga cha ma Darshanas onse asanu ndi limodzi ndikuchotsa umbuli ndi zovuta zake komanso zowawa, komanso kukwaniritsa ufulu wamuyaya, ungwiro ndi chisangalalo kuchokera kumgwirizano wamunthu payekha kapena Jivatman wokhala ndi Mzimu Woyera. o Paramatman. Nkhani imatcha Mithya Jnana umbuli kapena chidziwitso chabodza. Sankhya amachitcha kuti Aviveka kapena chisankho pakati pa zenizeni ndi zopanda pake. Vedanta amachitcha Avidya kapena kusazindikira. Filosofi iliyonse imayesetsa kuthetsa umbuli kudzera mu chidziwitso kapena Jnana ndikupeza chisangalalo chamuyaya.

Kodi pali kulumikizana kotani pakati pa kachitidwe sikisi
Munthawi ya Sankaracharya, masukulu onse asanu ndi limodzi a maphunziro amapamwamba adakula. Masukulu XNUMX agawidwa m'magulu atatu:

Nkhani ndi Vaiseshika
Sankhya ndi Yoga
Mimamsa ndi Vedanta
Nkhani ndi Vaiseshika: Nkhani ndi Vaiseshika zimapereka chithunzithunzi chazomwe zachitika. Kuchokera pakuphunzira kwa Nkhani ndi Vaiseshika, munthu amaphunzira kugwiritsa ntchito luntha la wina kuti apeze zolakwika ndikudziwa malamulo oyendetsera dziko lapansi. Amapanga zinthu zonse za padziko lapansi kukhala mitundu kapena magulu kapena Padartha. Afotokoza momwe Mulungu adapangira dziko lapansi ili ndi maatomu ndi mamolekyulu ndikuwonetsa njira yakufikira Chidziwitso Chapamwamba - cha Mulungu.

Sankhya & Yoga: kudzera mu kuphunzira kwa Sankhya, munthu amatha kumvetsetsa kusintha kwa zinthu. Wolemba nzeru wamkulu Kapila, yemwe amadziwika kuti ndiye bambo wa psychology, Sankhya amamvetsetsa zama psychology achihindu. Kuphunzira ndikuchita Yoga kumapereka chidziwitso chodziletsa ndikulamulira malingaliro ndi mphamvu. Filosofi ya Yoga imachita kusinkhasinkha ndikuwongolera kwa Vrittis kapena mafunde oganiza ndikuwonetsa njira zophunzitsira malingaliro ndi mphamvu. Zimathandizira kukulitsa kusinkhasinkha ndi kusinkhasinkha kwa malingaliro ndikulowa m'dziko lopanda chidziwitso lotchedwa Nirvikalpa Samadhi.

Mimamsa ndi Vedanta: Mimamsa ili ndi magawo awiri: "Purva-Mimamsa" imakambirana ndi Karma-Kanda wa Vedas yomwe ikuthandizira pazochitikazo, ndi "Uttara-Mimamsa" ndi Jnana-Kanda, yemwe amachita ndi chidziwitso. Otsatirawa amadziwikanso kuti "Vedanta-Darshana" ndipo amapanga mwala wapangodya wa Chihindu. Filosofi ya Vedanta imafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane mawonekedwe a Brahman kapena Umunthu Wamuyaya ndipo imawonetsa kuti mzimu wa munthu aliyense, umofanana, ndi High Self. Zimapereka njira zochotsera Avidya kapena chophimba cha umbuli ndikuphatikizira mu nyanja yamtendere, i.e Brahman. Ndi machitidwe a Vedanta, munthu amatha kufikira gawo la uzimu kapena ulemu waumulungu ndi umodzi ndi Wopambana.

Kodi ndi njira iti yomwe ili yokhutiritsa kwambiri mu lingaliro la India?
Vedanta ndichida chokhutiritsa chokwanira kwambiri ndipo chitatha kuchokera ku Upanishads, chalowa m'malo mwa sukulu zina zonse. Malinga ndi Vedanta, kudzizindikira kapena Jnana ndiye chinthu chachikulu, ndipo miyambo ndi kupembedzera ndizinthu zosavuta. Karma imatha kubweretsa wina kumwamba koma sangathe kuwononga kubadwa ndi kufa ndipo sangapereke chisangalalo chamuyaya ndi chisavundi.