Kodi coronavirus idapangidwa mu labotale? Wasayansi amayankha
Pomwe buku la coronavirus lomwe limayambitsa COVID-19 likufalikira padziko lonse lapansi, pomwe milandu ikadutsa 284.000 padziko lonse lapansi (Marichi 20), chidziwitso chafalikira mwachangu kwambiri.
Nthano yosalekeza ndiyakuti kachilomboka, kotchedwa SARS-CoV-2, idapangidwa ndi asayansi ndipo adathawa kuchokera ku labotale ku Wuhan, China, komwe kudayambirako.
Kusanthula kwatsopano kwa SARS-CoV-2 kumatha kuyika lingaliro lotsirizali kuti lipumule. Gulu la ofufuza linayerekezera matupi athu a coronavirus ya bukuli ndi ma coronaviruses ena asanu ndi awiri omwe amadziwika kuti amapatsira anthu: SARS, MERS ndi SARS-CoV-2, zomwe zingayambitse matenda oopsa; pamodzi ndi HKU1, NL63, OC43, ndi 229E, zomwe zimangobweretsa zisonyezo zochepa, ofufuzawo adalemba Marichi 17 munyuzipepala ya Nature Medicine.
"Kafukufuku wathu akuwonetsa bwino kuti SARS-CoV-2 si malo opangira labotale kapena kachilombo koyambitsa matendawa," amalemba m'nkhaniyi.
Kristian Andersen, pulofesa wothandizana ndi chitetezo cha mthupi ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ta ku Scripps Research, ndi anzawo adasanthula mtundu wamatenda am'mapuloteni omwe amatuluka pamwambapa. Coronavirus imagwiritsa ntchito ma spikes awa kuti agwire makoma akunja amkati mwawo ndikulowa m'maselo amenewo. Amayang'anitsitsa mosiyanasiyana magwiridwe amtundu wazinthu ziwiri zofunika kwambiri pamapuloteni apamwambawa: the grabber, yotchedwa receptor-binding domain, yomwe imamangirira kuchititsa maselo; komanso malo omwe amatchedwa kuti cleavage pomwe amalola kuti vutoli litseguke ndikulowa m'maselo amenewo.
Kuwunikaku kunawonetsa kuti gawo "lomangika" pachimake lidasinthika kuti likhale lolandila kunja kwa maselo amunthu otchedwa ACE2, omwe amatenga nawo gawo pakuwongolera kuthamanga kwa magazi. Ndizothandiza kwambiri kumangiriza maselo amunthu kotero kuti ofufuzawo adati ma protein omwe anali spike adachitika chifukwa cha kusankhidwa kwachilengedwe osati chifukwa cha majini.
Ichi ndichifukwa chake: SARS-CoV-2 ndiyofanana kwambiri ndi kachilombo kamene kamayambitsa matenda oopsa a kupuma (SARS), omwe adatsamwa padziko lonse lapansi zaka 20 zapitazo. Asayansi aphunzira momwe SARS-CoV imasiyanirana ndi SARS-CoV-2 - ndikusintha kosiyanasiyana m'makalata ofunikira m'mazenera. Komabe pakuyerekeza kwamakompyuta, kusintha kwa SARS-CoV-2 sikuwoneka kuti kumagwira ntchito bwino pothandiza kachilomboka kumangirirana ndi maselo amunthu. Akanakhala kuti asayansi atapanga dala kachilomboka, sakadasankha zosintha zomwe makompyuta amati sizingagwire ntchito. Koma zikuwoneka kuti chilengedwe ndi chanzeru kuposa asayansi, ndipo buku lapa coronavirus lidapeza njira yosinthira zomwe zinali zabwino - komanso zosiyana kwambiri - ndi chilichonse chomwe asayansi akadapanga, kafukufukuyu adapeza.
Msomali wina wonena kuti "wathawa ku labotale yoyipa"? Ma molekyulu a kachilomboka ndi osiyana ndi ma coronaviruses omwe amadziwika bwino ndipo amafanana kwambiri ndi ma virus omwe amapezeka mu mileme ndi pangolines omwe sanaphunzirepo pang'ono ndipo sanadziwikebe kuti angavulaze anthu.
"Ngati wina akuyesera kupanga coronavirus yatsopano ngati tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, akanatha kupanga kachilombo ka mafupa," malinga ndi zomwe a Scripps ananena.
Kodi kachilomboka kamachokera kuti? Gulu lofufuzira lidalinganiza zochitika ziwiri zomwe zingayambitse kuyambika kwa SARS-CoV-2 mwa anthu. Chochitika chimodzi chimatsatira nkhani zoyambira za ma coronaviruses ena aposachedwa omwe asokoneza anthu. Potengera izi, tidatengera kachilomboka mwachindunji kuchokera kwa nyama - ma civets pankhani ya SARS ndi ngamila ku Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS). Pankhani ya SARS-CoV-2, ofufuzawo akuti nyamayo inali mileme, yomwe idapereka kachilomboka kwa nyama ina yapakatikati (mwina pangolin, asayansi ena adati) yomwe imanyamula kachilomboko kwa anthu.
Pomwe zingatheke, mawonekedwe amtundu wamtundu wamtundu wamtundu wamtundu wamtundu wamtundu wamtundu wamtundu wamtundu wamtundu wamtundu wamtundu wamtundu wamtundu wamtundu wamtundu wamtundu wamtundu wamtundu wamtundu wamtundu wamtundu wa coronavirus omwe ali ndi vuto lodana ndi zomwe zimayambitsa matenda a coronavirus atsopano popatsira maselo amunthu (mphamvu zake zamatenda) akanakhalapo asanapite kwa anthu.
Muzochitika zina, izi zimatha kusintha pokhapokha kachilomboka katadutsa kuchokera kwa nyamayo kupita kwa anthu. Ma coronaviruses ena ochokera ku ma pangolines amakhala ndi "mbedza" (cholandirira cholandirira) chomwe chimafanana ndi cha SARS-CoV-2. Mwanjira imeneyi, pangolin imafalitsa kachilombo kake mwachindunji kapena m'njira ina kwa anthu. Chifukwa chake, akalowa mkatikati mwa munthu, kachilomboko kakanatha kusandulika kukhala ndi mawonekedwe ake ena osawoneka: malo obwezeretsa malo omwe amalola kuti alowe mosavuta m'maselo amunthu. Mphamvu imeneyi ikangopangidwa, ofufuzawo adati coronavirus imatha kufalikira pakati pa anthu.
Zonsezi zitha kuthandiza asayansi kulosera zamtsogolo za mliriwu. Ngati kachilomboka kalowa m'maselo amunthu momwemo, izi zimawonjezera mwayi wophulika kwamtsogolo. Tizilomboti titha kupitilirabe pakati pa nyama ndipo titha kudumphira kwa anthu, kukonzekera kuphulika. Koma zovuta zakubuka kwamtsogolo kotereku ndizotsika ngati kachilomboka kadzayamba kulowa m'gulu la anthu kenako ndikusintha zinthu zamoyo, ofufuzawo atero.