Nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale ya Baltimore ikuwonetsa ntchito yakale yomwe agwiritsidwa ntchito ndi St. Francis waku Assisi

Zaka zopitilira zisanu ndi zitatu zapitazo, a St. Francis aku Assisi ndi anzawo awiri adasegula buku la mapemphero katatu m'malo awo ampingo wa San Nicolò ku Italy.

Poyembekeza kuti Mulungu awatumizira uthenga, achinyamatawo olemera adafunsira malembawo popemphera kamodzi kwa munthu aliyense wa Utatu Woyera.

Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, gawo lirilonse la Mauthenga Abwino lomwe adakhazikitsa lidalinso ndi lamulo lomwelo: kusiya katundu wapadziko lapansi ndi kutsatira Khristu.

Pokumbukira mawu awa, a St. Francis adakhazikitsa lamulo la moyo lomwe limayang'anira zomwe zikanadzakhala Order of Friars Little. A Franciscans adalandira umphawi wambiri kuti ayandikire kwa Khristu ndikulalikiranso ena.

Buku lomwelo lomwe lidauza St. Francis mu 1208 liyenera kudzutsa ena masauzande ambiri, monga Walters Art Museum ku Baltimore imawonetsera kwa nthawi yoyamba pagulu m'zaka 40, kuyambira pa febulo 1 mpaka Meyi 31.

Missal yobwezeretsedwa ya St. Francis, cholembedwa cha m'zaka za zana la khumi ndi chiwiri chomwe a St. Francis waku Assisi adafunsapo pozindikira moyo wake wa uzimu, adzaonetsedwa pa Walters Art Museum ku Baltimore kuyambira pa febulo 1 mpaka Meyi 31.

Lipoti la Chilatini, lomwe lili ndi kuwerengera komanso kupempheranso m'malo opemphereramo, lakhala likuyesetsa zaka ziwiri kuti litetezedwe.

Wophonya, wokondedwa makamaka ndi Akatolika, sikuti wangokhala mbiri chabe. Popeza adakhudzidwa ndi woyera mtima, amadziwikanso kuti ambiri ndi achipembedzo.

"Ili ndiye buku lathu lofunidwa kwambiri," adatero Lynley Herbert, wowerenga mabuku osowa kwambiri pamanja ndi pamanja pamanja ku Walters.

Herbert adazindikira kuti a Franciscans ochokera padziko lonse lapansi adayendera ma Walter zaka makumi angapo kuti awone buku lowunikidwa bwino. Chifukwa chakufunika kwawo kwa gulu la a Franciscan, a Walters adamuloleza kuti awone icho ngakhale mawonekedwe osalimba a cholembedwa adaletsa kuwonetsedwa pagulu.

"Takhala malo opembedza," adalongosola Herbert. "Mwina ndimalumikizidwa pamwezi, mwinanso sabata, ndikupempha kuti ndiwonere bukuli."

Herbert adanena kuti kuphonya kunaperekedwa ku Church of San Nicolò ku Assisi. Zolemba mkati mwa zolembedwazo zikusonyeza kuti wopereka bukuli amakhala ku Assisi zaka 1180 ndi 1190.

"Mpukutuwo mwina unangopangika 1200," ofalitsa nkhani ku Archdiocese of Baltimore adauza Akapolo a Katolika. "M'zaka za m'ma 15, zimayenera kusinthidwanso chifukwa zomangirazo mwina zidayamba kugwa pambuyo pogwiritsidwa ntchito kwazaka zambiri."

Akukhulupirira kuti a Missal of San Francesco adachitikira ku San Nicolò mpaka chivomerezi chinaononga tchalitchi m'zaka za m'ma XNUMX. Zinthu zakale zaku tchalitchicho zidabalalika kenako tchalitchicho chidawonongedwa. Zonse zomwe zatsala lero ndi mpingo.

A Henry Walters, omwe zojambula zawo zinadzakhala maziko a Walters Art Museum, adagula la Missal la St. Francis kwa wogulitsa zojambula mu 1924, malinga ndi Herbert.

Quandt adati vuto lalikulu ndikukonzanso matabwa a XNUMX beech omwe adathandizira kuti bukuli likhale limodzi. Mabodi ndi masamba ena azachikopa adawukiridwa kale ndi tizilombo ndipo adasiya mabowo ambiri, adatero.

Quandt ndi Magee adachotsa timabokosi ndikusintha tsamba. Anadzaza mabowo ndi zomatira zapadera kuti alimbikitse nkhuni, anakonza masamba aja ndikusintha msana wachikopa ndi chikopa chatsopano. Zolemba pamanja zidakhazikika komanso kulumikizidwa limodzi.

Pogwira ntchitoyo, akatswiriwa adapeza kuti mosiyana ndi zomwe zingachitike muzolemba pamanja, tsamba la golide silinagwiritsidwe ntchito mu Missal of St. Alembi omwe amawunikira masamba azikondawo m'malo mwake adagwiritsa ntchito tsamba lasiliva lomwe silinayikidwe ndi utoto lomwe limapangitsa kuti liwoneke ngati golide.

Pogwiritsa ntchito magetsi a ultraviolet ndi ma infrared, gulu la Walters linaonanso zolakwa zina zomwe alembi adapanga popanga buku la mapemphero: liwu, chiganizo kapena zigawo zonse sizikusoweka pomwe akukopera zolemba zopatulika.

"Nthawi zambiri, mlembiyu ankangotenga cholembera chake ndi kukanda pamalowo (mosamala kwambiri), kuchotsa mosamala zilembo kapena mawu," atero a Quandt. "Kenako amalemba za izi."

Pomwe oteteza chilengedwe amayesetsa kusunga zolemba pamalowo, tsamba lililonse limasinthidwa kuti aliyense amene ali ndi intaneti padziko lonse lapansi awone ndi kuphunzira bukulo. Idzapezeka kudzera pa tsamba la tsamba la Walters 'Ex-Libris, https://manuscriptts.thewalters.org, pofufuza "The Missal of San Francesco".

Chiwonetserochi chidzaperekanso zinthu zina zambiri, kuphatikizapo zojambula, minyanga komanso zadothi kuyambira nthawi yosiyanasiyana, ndikuwonetsa "magawo osiyanasiyana amtunduwu olembedwa pamwambowu pakapita nthawi komanso momwe amakhudzira anthu osiyanasiyana," adatero Herbert.

Kuphatikiza pa zolemba zokhudzana ndi zomwe a St. Francis adapereka ku gulu la a Franciscan, palinso zinthu zina zokhudzana ndi a St. Clare, mkazi woyamba kutsatira a St. Francis, ndi a Anthony Anthony a Padua, omwe amayang'ana kwambiri pa ntchito yofalitsa uthenga wa Franciscan, ati Herbert.

"Palinso mlandu womwe ungayang'ane kudzipereka pawekha komanso a Frenchcans akudziko," adatero.

Herbert adazindikira kuti missal yokhayo ili ndi masamba atatu odzaza ndi zowala zamtundu, kuphatikiza chithunzi chowonekera cha Mtanda woonetsera Khristu pamtanda ndi angelo awiri pamwamba. Maria ndi San Giovanni l'Amato ali pafupi naye.

Chiwonetsero chaulere, chomwe chidathandizidwa ndi Archdiocese of Baltimore, chimapangitsa kuti bukuli litulutsidwe pa imodzi mwa magawo atatu a uthenga wabwino womwe adawerengedwa ndi St. Francis mu 1208. Pakatikati pa chiwonetserochi, tsamba ili lidzasinthidwa kukhala gawo lina. Amawerenga.

"Momwe malembawa adawonetsedwa kale, nthawi zonse amakhala otseguka ku chimodzi mwazowunikira - zomwe ndizabwino kwambiri," adatero Herbert. "Koma tidaganizira izi kwa nthawi yayitali ndipo tidaganiza kuti zikadakhala zofunikira kwambiri kuti anthu abwere kudzaziwona pazowonetserazi ngati tikadawonetsa zotsegulira zomwe San Francesco ikadalumikizana."

Matysek ndi mkonzi wa digito wa Archdiocese waku Baltimore.