Moyo wa Buddha, Siddhartha Gautama

Moyo wa Siddhartha Gautama, munthu amene timutcha Buddha, umakhala wopanda nthano komanso nthano. Ngakhale olemba mbiri ambiri amakhulupirira kuti kulibe munthu wotere, timadziwa zochepa kwambiri za munthu weniweni. Mbiri ya "standard" yomwe yalembedwa munkhaniyi ikuwoneka kuti yasinthika pakapita nthawi. Unamalizidwa kwambiri ndi "Budacarita", ndakatulo yapadera yolembedwa ndi Aśvaghoṣa m'zaka za zana lachi AD

Kubadwa ndi banja la Siddhartha Gautama
Buddha wam'tsogolo, Siddhartha Gautama, adabadwa m'zaka za XNUMX kapena XNUMXth BC ku Lumbini (ku Nepal yamakono). Siddhartha ndi dzina lachiSanskrit lotanthauza "amene wakwaniritsa cholinga" ndipo Gautama ndi dzina la banja.

Abambo ake, Mfumu Suddhodana, anali mtsogoleri wa banja lalikulu lotchedwa Shakya (kapena Sakya). Kuchokera pamalembo oyamba sizikudziwika ngati anali mfumu yobadwira kapena yayikulu mfumu. Ndikothekanso kuti adasankhidwa kukhala pamtunduwu.

Suddhodana adakwatira alongo awiri, Maya ndi Pajapati Gotami. Amati anali mafumu a fuko lina, a Koliya, ochokera kumpoto India lero. Maya anali mayi a Siddhartha ndipo anali mwana wawo yekhayo. Adamwalira atangobadwa kumene. Pajapati, yemwe kenako adakhala sisitere woyamba wa Buddha, adakweza Siddhartha ngati yake.

Pazaka zonse, Prince Siddhartha ndi banja lake anali a gulu lankhondo la Kshatriya komanso otchuka. Ena mwa achibale odziwika a Siddhartha anali msuweni wake Ananda, mwana wa mchimwene wa abambo ake. Ananda adadzakhala wophunzira komanso wothandizira kwa Buddha. Akadakhala wamng'ono kwambiri kuposa Siddhartha, ndipo iwo samadziwana ngati ana.

Ulosi ndi ukwati wachinyamata
Pamene Prince Siddhartha anali ndi masiku ochepa, akuti, woyera mtima adalosera za kalonga. Malinga ndi malipoti, oyera asanu ndi anayi a Brahman adalosera. Zinanenedweratu kuti mnyamatayo adzakhala wolamulira wamkulu kapena mbuye wamkulu wauzimu. Mfumu Suddhodana adakonda zotsalazo ndipo adakonzekeretsa mwana wake momwemo.

Adamutsitsa mnyamatayo ndi zinthu zapamwamba kwambiri ndikumuteteza kuti asadziwe zachipembedzo komanso kuvutika kwa anthu. Ali ndi zaka 16, adakwatirana ndi msuweni wake, Yasodhara, yemwenso anali ndi zaka 16. Mosakayikira uwu udali ukwati wokonzedwa ndi mabanja, monga momwe zinkakhalira panthawiyo.

Yasodhara anali mwana wamkazi wa wamkulu wa Koliya ndipo amayi ake anali mlongo wa Mfumu Suddhodana. Analinso mlongo wa Devadatta, yemwe adakhala wophunzira wa Buddha ndipo, m'njira zina, mnzake woopsa.

Malo anayi odutsamo
Kalonga adafika zaka 29 zakubadwa ndipo samadziwa zambiri zadziko lapansi kunja kwa linga la nyumba zachifumu zake zonunkhira. Sanadziwe zenizeni za matenda, ukalamba ndi kufa.

Tsiku lina, chifukwa chodziwidwa ndi chidwi, Prince Siddhartha adapempha wapakavalo kuti amuperekeze poyenda kudera lamtunda. Pamaulendo amenewa adadabwa kwambiri ataona bambo wachikulire, kenako munthu wodwala kenako mtembo. Zoopsa zakukalamba, matenda ndi imfa zinagwira ndikumupweteka kalonga.

Pambuyo pake adawona kusunthika kwakusuntha. Woyendetsa adalongosola kuti ascetic ndi m'modzi yemwe adasiya dziko lapansi ndikuyesera kudzipulumutsa ku mantha a imfa ndi kuvutika.

Zochitika zosintha moyo izi zimadziwika mu Chibuda kuti malo anayi odutsamo.

Kulephera kwa Siddhartha
Kwa kanthawi kazembeyo adabwerako kunyumba yachifumu, koma sanazikonde. Sanasangalale ndi nkhani yoti mkazi wake Yasodhara abereka mwana wamwamuna. Mnyamatayo amatchedwa Rahula, zomwe zikutanthauza "kuphatikiza".

Usiku wina kalonga adayendayenda yekha mnyumba yachifumu. Zinthu zabwino zomwe ankakonda kale zinkawoneka kuti ndizosangalatsa. Oimba ndi asungwana ovina anali atagona ndipo anagona pansi, akumwetulira ndi kulavulira. Prince Siddhartha adaganizira zaukalamba, matenda ndi imfa zomwe zikadawaposa onse ndikusintha matupi awo kukhala fumbi.

Anazindikira kuti sangathenso kukhutitsidwa ndi moyo wa kalonga. Usiku womwewo adachoka kunyumba yachifumu, adameta mutu wake ndikusintha zovala zake zachifumu kukhala mkanjo wa wopemphetsa. Popereka zokongola zonse zomwe adazidziwa, adayamba kufunafuna kuyatsa.

Kusaka kumayamba
Siddhartha adayamba kufunafuna aphunzitsi otchuka. Anamphunzitsa zikhulupiriro zambiri zachipembedzo za m'nthawi yake komanso momwe angaasinthire. Ataphunzira zonse zomwe adayenera kuphunzitsa, kukayikira kwake ndi mafunso zidatsalira. Iye ndi ophunzira asanu adapita kukadziwitsa okha.

Awiriwo adayesetsa kudzipulumutsa ku zowawa kudzera m'malangidwe akuthupi: kupirira zowawa, kupuma ndikusala kudya. Komabe Siddhartha sanakhutirebe.

Zinamupeza kuti, atasiya kusangalala, anali atapeza chosemphana ndi chisangalalo, chomwe chinali kupweteka komanso kudziwonetsa yekha umboni. Tsopano Siddhartha adaganizira za malo pakati pakati pamagawo awiriwo.

Adakumbukira zomwe adakumana nazo ali mwana pomwe malingaliro ake adakhazikika munthawi yamtendere. Adawona kuti njira yamasulidwe idadutsa pakuphunzitsidwa kwamalingaliro, ndipo adazindikira kuti m'malo mwa njala, amafunika chakudya kuti alimbitse mphamvu zake pakuyesetsa. Atalandira mbale yamkaka wa mpunga kwa mtsikana, amzake adaganiza kuti asiya kusaka ndikumusiya.

Kuunikiridwa kwa Buddha
Siddhartha adakhala pansi pa mtengo wamkuyu wopatula (Ficus Religiousiosa), yemwe nthawi zonse amadziwika kuti Bodhi Tree (bodhi amatanthauza "kudzutsidwa"). Kunali komwe adakhazikika posinkhasinkha.

Kulimbana mu malingaliro a Siddhartha kunakhala nthano ngati nkhondo yayikulu ndi Mara. Dzina la chiwanda limatanthawuza "chiwonongeko" ndipo likuyimira zokhumba zomwe zimatipusitsa. Mara anabweretsa magulu ankhondo ambiri kudzaukira Siddhartha, yemwe sanasunthike. Mwana wamkazi wokongola kwambiri wa Mara adayesetsa kunyengerera Siddhartha, koma izi zidalephereka.

Pambuyo pake, Mara adanenanso kuti malowo ndi ake. Zomwe zauzimu Mara zimachita zinali zazikulu kuposa zomwe Siddhartha adatero. Asitikali oopsa a Mara adakuwa pamodzi: "Ndine mboni yake!" Mara adafunsa a Siddhartha, "Adzakulankhulire ndani?"

Kenako Siddhartha anatambasulira dzanja lake lamanja kuti likhudze dziko lapansi, ndipo dziko lapansi lidadzuma: "Ndikuchitira umboni!" Mara wasowa. Pamene nyenyezi yam'mawa imakwera kuthambo, Siddhartha Gautama adakwaniritsidwa ndikukhala buddha, yemwe amatanthauzidwa kuti "munthu amene wakwanitsa kudziwa bwino".

Buddha monga mphunzitsi
Poyamba, Buddha sankafuna kuphunzitsa chifukwa zomwe anali atakwanitsa sizikanatha kufotokozedwa m'mawu. Kukhumudwa kokha komanso kumvetsetsa m'maganizo komwe kukhumudwitsa kumatha ndikuchotsedwa mu Great Reality. Omvera popanda zomwe zinachitikazo amatha kumangokambirana ndipo sangamvetse chilichonse chomwe ananena. Komabe, chifundo chinamunyengerera kuti ayesetse kufotokoza zomwe wakwaniritsa.

Pambuyo pakuwala kwake, adapita ku Deer Park ya Isipatana, yomwe ili m'chigawo chomwe chikuchitika cha Uttar Pradesh, India. Kumeneku adapeza anzawo asanu omwe adamsiya ndikulalikira kwa iwo koyamba.

Ulalikiwu wasungidwa ngati Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta ndipo umayang'ana kwambiri pa Zowona Zachinayi. M'malo mophunzitsa ziphunzitso za kuunikiridwa, Buddha adasankha kuyambitsa njira yomwe anthu amadziunikira.

Buddha adadzipereka kuti aphunzitse ndikukopa otsatira mazana ambiri. Pambuyo pake, adayanjananso ndi abambo ake, Mfumu Suddhodana. Mkazi wake, Yasodhara wodzipereka, adakhala sisitere ndi wophunzira. Rahula, mwana wake wamwamuna, adakhala wamonke wazaka zisanu ndi ziwiri ndipo adakhala zaka zambiri ndi bambo ake.

Mawu omaliza a Buddha
Achi Buddha sanadutse kudutsa madera onse kumpoto kwa India ndi Nepal. Anawaphunzitsa omvera osiyanasiyana, onse kufunafuna chowonadi chomwe amayenera kuphunzitsa.

Ali ndi zaka 80, Buddha adalowa ku Parinirvana, kusiya thupi lake. M'ndime yakeyo, iye anasiya njira yopanda malire yaimfa ndi kubadwanso.

Asanamwalire, analankhula mawu omaliza kwa otsatira ake:

“Apa, amonke, upangiri wanga womaliza kwa inu. Zinthu zonse zopangidwa mdziko lapansi zimatha kusintha. Sizikhala motalika. Chitani ntchito zolimba kuti mupulumutsidwe. "
Thupi la Buddha lidatenthedwa. Mitembo yake idayikidwa mu stupas - nyumba zovomerezeka zomwe ndizofala ku Buddha - m'malo ambiri, kuphatikiza China, Myanmar ndi Sri Lanka.

Buddha adauzira mamiliyoni
Pafupifupi zaka 2.500 pambuyo pake, ziphunzitso za Buddha zimakhalabe zofunika kwa anthu ambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Chi Buddha chikupitiliza kukopa otsatira atsopanowa ndipo ndichimodzi mwazipembedzo zomwe zikukula mwachangu, ngakhale ambiri samazitcha kuti chipembedzo koma njira ya uzimu kapena nzeru. Anthu pafupifupi 350 mpaka 550 miliyoni achita Buddhism masiku ano.