Moyo ndi malingaliro a Confucius

Confucius (551- 479 BC), yemwe anayambitsa filosofi yotchedwa Confucianism, anali wachi China komanso mphunzitsi yemwe anakhalapo moyo wake akuchita zinthu zofunikira. Amadziwika kuti Kong Qiu pobadwa ndipo amadziwikanso kuti Kong Fuzi, Kong Zi, K'ung Ch'iu kapena Master Kong. Dzinali Confucius ndimatembenuzidwe a Kong Fuzi, ndipo adagwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba ndi akatswiri achi Jesusit omwe adayendera China ndikuphunzira za izi m'ma XNUMX AD

Zowonjezera: Confucius
Dzinalo: Kong Qiu (pobadwa). Amadziwikanso kuti Kong Fuzi, Kong Zi, K'ung Ch'iu kapena Master Kong
Wodziwika bwino: wafilosofi, woyambitsa Confucianism
Wobadwira: 551 BC ku Qufu, China
Adamwalira: 479 BC ku Qufu, China
Makolo: Shuliang He (abambo); Yan clan membala (amayi)
Mkazi: Qiguan
Ana: Bo Yu (wotchedwanso Kong Li)
Moyo wakuubwana
Ngakhale a Confucius adakhala m'zaka za zana lachisanu BC, mbiri yake siyinalembedwe mpaka mbadwa za Han, zaka 400 pambuyo pake, zolembedwa za Great Historian kapena Shiji wa Sima Qian. Confucius adabadwa m'banja lomwe kale linali lachifumu kudziko laling'ono lotchedwa Lu, kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa China mu 551 BC, nthawi yamisana yotchuka ngati Warring States Period isanachitike. Matanthauzidwe osiyanasiyana a Shiji akuwonetsa kuti abambo ake anali okalamba, pafupifupi 70, pomwe amayi ake anali ndi zaka 15 zokha, ndipo mgwirizanowo uyenera kuti sunakwatirane.

Bambo a Confucius adamwalira ali mwana ndipo adaleredwa ndi amayi ake. Malinga ndi The Analections, zophatikiza zambiri za ziphunzitso ndi zonena za Confucius, adakhala ndi luso lodzichepetsera chifukwa chakufunika kosaleredwa bwino, ngakhale kuti udindo wake monga membala wa banja lachiyuda m'mbuyomu adamupatsa mwayi wofuna kuchita maphunziro ake. Confucius ali ndi zaka 19, adakwatirana ndi Qiguan, ngakhale adasiyana naye mwachangu. Zolemba zimasiyana, koma banjali limadziwika kuti linali ndi mwana m'modzi, Bo Yu (wotchedwanso Kong Li).

Zaka pambuyo
Pafupifupi zaka 30, Confucius adayamba kugwira ntchito, natengapo mbali paudindo ndipo pambuyo pake zandale zadziko la Lu ndi banja lake lolamulira. Pofika nthawi ya 50, anali atakhumudwitsidwa ndi ziphuphu ndi chisokonezo cha moyo wandale, ndipo adayamba ulendo wazaka 12 kudzera ku China, kusonkhanitsa ophunzira ndi kuphunzitsa.

Zochepa ndizodziwika za kutha kwa moyo wa Confucius, ngakhale akuganiziridwa kuti adakhala zaka zambiri akulemba zomwe amachita ndi zomwe amaphunzitsa. Wophunzira wake yemwe amamukonda komanso mwana wake wamwamuna yekhayo onse adamwalira panthawiyi ndipo zomwe Confucius amaphunzitsa sizinakonzere boma. Ananeneratu za nyengo yanthawi yamenyedwe yolumikizidwayo ndipo sanathe kuletsa chisokonezo. Confucius anamwalira mu 479 BC, ngakhale kuti maphunziro ake ndi cholozera chake zakhala zikuyenda bwino kwazaka zambiri.

Ziphunzitso za Confucius
Confucianism, yochokera ku zolemba ndi zophunzitsa za Confucius, ndiye mwambo wokhazikika ndikupeza mgwirizano pakati. Chiyanjanichi chitha kuchitika ndikukulimbikitsidwa mosalekeza pakutsatira miyambo ndi miyambo, ndipo zimakhazikitsidwa pamfundo yoti anthu ndi abwino, amatha kusinthika komanso ophunzitsika. Ntchito ya Confucianism imakhazikika pakumvetsetsa kwakanthawi komanso kukhazikitsidwa kwa malo okhazikika pakati pamaubwenzi onse. Kutsatira malo omwe munthu amakhala nawo kumapangitsa kuti pakhale malo abwino komanso kupewa mikangano.

Cholinga cha Confucianism ndiko kukwaniritsa ukoma kapena kukoma mtima kwathunthu, kotchedwa ren. Aliyense amene wafika pa ntchitoyo ndi waulemu. Mabwana awa amatha kusintha momwe zinthu zimakhalira pagulu lachifumu mwa kutsogoza mfundo za Confucian kudzera m'mawu ndi zochita. Lachisanu ndi chimodzi zomwe zinali zochitidwa ndi ambuye kuti aziwaphunzitsa maphunziro kupitilira maphunziro.

Maluso asanu ndi amodzi ndi miyambo, nyimbo, kuponyera miyala, kuyendetsa magaleta, calligraphy ndi masamu. Maluso asanu ndi amodziwo pambuyo pake adapanga maziko a maphunziro aku China, omwe, monganso ku China ndi Southeast Asia, amatsatira kwambiri chikhalidwe cha Confucian.

Mfundo izi za Confucianism zidatuluka mu mikangano m'moyo wa Confucius. Adabadwa m'dziko lomwe lidatsala pang'ono kusokonekera. Zowonadi, atamwalira, China idalowa m'malo otchedwa Warring States, pomwe China idagawanika kwazaka pafupifupi 200. Confucius adawona chisokonezo choterechi ndipo adayesa kugwiritsa ntchito zomwe amaphunzitsa kuti aletse izi pobwezeretsa mgwirizano.

Confucianism ndichikhalidwe chomwe chimayendetsa ubale wa anthu ndipo cholinga chake chachikulu ndikutha kudziwa momwe mungakhalire poyerekeza ndi ena. Munthu wolemekezeka amakhala pachiyanjano ndipo amakhala munthu wapamtima, yemwe amadziwa kwambiri kupezeka kwa anthu ena. Confucianism sinali lingaliro latsopano, koma mtundu wa zikhulupiriro zopangidwa ndi ru ("chiphunzitso cha akatswiri"), chomwe chimadziwikanso kuti ru jia, ru jiao kapena ru xue. Mtundu wa Confucius unkadziwika kuti Kong jiao (gulu lachipembedzo la Confucius).

M'mapangidwe ake oyambira (Shang ndi koyambirira kwa Zhou dynasties [1600-770 BC]) amatanthauza ovina komanso oimba omwe amachita miyambo yawo. Popita nthawi anthu amatenga miyamboyo, osati miyambo yokha; pamapeto pake, ru inaphatikizapo asamu ndi aphunzitsi a masamu, mbiri yakale, kupenda nyenyezi. Confucius ndi ophunzira ake adakonzanso zomwe zimawonetsa aphunzitsi aluso azikhalidwe zakale komanso zolemba m'miyambo, mbiri, ndakatulo ndi nyimbo. Kwa mzera wobadwira ku Han, ru idatanthawuza sukulu ndi aphunzitsi ake anzeru zophunzirira ndi kuchita miyambo, malamulo ndi miyambo ya Confucianism.

Magulu atatu aophunzira ndi aphunzitsi amapezeka mu Confucianism (Zhang Binlin):

aluntha omwe amatumikira boma
ru aphunzitsi omwe amaphunzitsa m'maphunziro amisala sikisi
omtsatira a Confucius omwe adaphunzira ndikufalitsa zamatsenga za Confucian
Pofufuza mtima wotayika
Chiphunzitso cha ru jiao chinali "kufunafuna mtima wotayika": njira yosasintha yosinthira umunthu wake ndikuwongolera umunthu. Ogwiritsa ntchito adaziwona (malamulo azinthu, miyambo, miyambo ndi zokongoletsa) ndipo adaphunzira ntchito zamatsenga, nthawi zonse kutsatira lamulo loti kuphunzira sikuyenera kutha.

Filosofi ya Confucius imagwirizanitsa maziko oyenera, andale, achipembedzo, anzeru komanso maphunziro. Ikuyang'ana kwambiri za ubale pakati pa anthu, omwe akuwonetsedwa kudzera pazinthu zakuthambo za Confucian; thambo (Tian) pamwambapa, dziko lapansi (pansipa) ndi anthu (ren) pakati.

Magawo atatu a dziko la Confucian
Kwa Confucius, kumwamba kumakhazikitsa mikhalidwe yamakhalidwe kwa anthu ndipo imakhudza kwambiri mikhalidwe yamunthu. Monga chilengedwe, paradiso amayimira zochitika zonse zopanda anthu, koma anthu amatengapo gawo kuti pakhale mgwirizano pakati pa kumwamba ndi dziko lapansi. Zomwe zimapezeka kumwamba zimatha kuphunziridwa, kuonedwa ndi kumvetsedwa ndi anthu omwe amaphunzira zochitika zachilengedwe, zochitika zachitukuko ndi zolemba zakale zakale; kapena kudzera pakudziwonetsera wekha mumtima ndi m'maganizo.

Makhalidwe abwino a Confucianism amatanthauza kukulitsa ulemu kwa munthu kuti azindikire zomwe angathe kuchita, kudzera:

ren (umunthu)
yi (zolondola)
li (miyambo ndi katundu)
cheng (kuwona mtima)
xin (kunena zoona komanso kukhulupirika kwanga)
zheng (kukhulupirika kumgwirizano)
xiao (maziko a banja ndi boma)
zhong yong ("njira ya golide" yodziwika)

Kodi chipembedzo cha Confucius ndi chipembedzo?
Mutu wotsutsana pakati pa akatswiri amakono ndikuti ngati Confucianism iyenera kukhala chipembedzo. Ena amati sichinakhalepo chipembedzo, ena amati chakhala chipembedzo chanzeru kapena chogwirizana, chipembedzo chakunja chomwe chimayang'ana mbali zokhudzana ndi umunthu. Anthu amatha kukhala angwiro ndikukhala mogwirizana ndi mfundo zakumwamba, koma anthu ayenera kuchita zonse zomwe angathe kuti akwaniritse ntchito zawo zamakhalidwe abwino, popanda kuthandizidwa ndi milungu.

Confucianism imaphatikizapo kupembedzera kwa makolo komanso zonena kuti anthu amapangidwa ndi zidutswa ziwiri: hun (mzimu wochokera kumwamba) ndi po (mzimu wochokera padziko lapansi). Munthu akabadwa, magawo awiriwo amakhala limodzi ndipo munthuyo akafa, amalekanirana ndikuchoka padziko lapansi. Nsembeyo imaperekedwa kwa makolo akale omwe adakhalako padziko lapansi akusewera nyimbo (kukumbukira mzimu kuchokera kumwamba) ndikuthira ndikumwa vinyo (kuti akope mzimu kuchokera padziko lapansi.

Zolemba za Confucius

Mapepala a layisensi iyi ya People's Republic of China ndi gawo lina lolemba pamanja la a Tang Chiwongola dzanja la Cheng Hsuan's Analections of Confucius ndi Annotations, lomwe linapezeka mu 1967 ku Turfan, Sinkiang. Analections of Confucius inali buku lofunikira kwambiri kwa ophunzira ku China yakale. Zolemba pamwambazi zikuwonetsa kufanana kwa machitidwe a maphunziro pakati pa Turfan ndi madera ena a China. Zithunzi za Bettmann / Getty
Confucius amadziwika kuti adalemba kapena kusinthiratu ntchito zingapo pa nthawi ya moyo wake, adatchulidwa kuti Asanu Classics ndi Mabuku Anai. Zolemba izi zimachokera ku mbiri yakale mpaka ndakatulo, malingaliro ofotokozera pamiyambo ndi miyambo. Agwirira ntchito ngati msana wakuwunikira komanso boma ku China kuyambira kumapeto kwa nthawi yankhondo mu 221 BC.