Chipembedzo Chadziko Lonse: Atman ndi chiyani mu Chihindu?

Atman amamasuliridwa mosiyanasiyana mu Chingerezi ngati munthu wamuyaya, mzimu, zenizeni, mzimu kapena mpweya. Ndi munthu weniweni wotsutsana ndi kudzikuza; mbali imeneyo ya munthu mwini yomwe imasuntha pambuyo pa imfa kapena kukhala mbali ya Brahman (mphamvu yomwe ili pansi pa zinthu zonse). Gawo lomaliza la moksha (kumasulidwa) ndikumvetsetsa kuti atman wa munthu ndi Brahman.

Lingaliro la atman ndilofunika kwambiri m'masukulu akuluakulu asanu ndi limodzi a Chihindu ndipo ndi chimodzi mwazosiyana kwambiri pakati pa Chihindu ndi Chibuda. Chikhulupiriro cha Chibuda sichimaphatikizapo lingaliro la mzimu wa munthu.

Zofunika Kwambiri: Atman
Atman, yomwe ili yofanana kwambiri ndi moyo, ndi lingaliro lofunika kwambiri mu Chihindu. Kupyolera mu "kudziŵa Atman" (kapena kudziwa umunthu wofunikira), kumasulidwa ku kubadwanso kwina kungapezeke.
Atman akukhulupirira kuti ndiye chiyambi chamunthu ndipo, m'masukulu ambiri achihindu, amasiyana ndi ego.
Masukulu ena achihindu (monistic) amaganiza za atman monga gawo la Brahman (mzimu wapadziko lonse) pomwe ena (sukulu zapawiri) amaganiza kuti atman ndi wosiyana ndi Brahman. Muzochitika zonsezi, pali mgwirizano wapakati pakati pa atman ndi Brahman. Kupyolera mu kusinkhasinkha, akatswiri amatha kugwirizanitsa kapena kumvetsetsa kugwirizana kwawo ndi Brahman.
Lingaliro la atman lidaperekedwa koyamba mu Rigveda, zolemba zakale za Sanskrit zomwe ndi maziko a masukulu ena achihindu.
Atman ndi Brahman
Ngakhale kuti atman ndiye thunthu la munthu, Brahman ndi mzimu wosasinthika komanso wachilengedwe chonse kapena chidziwitso chomwe chimayambitsa zinthu zonse. Amakambidwa ndikutchulidwa kuti ndi osiyana wina ndi mzake, koma nthawi zonse samaganiziridwa kuti ndi osiyana; m'masukulu ena achihindu amalingaliro, atman ndi Brahman.

Atman

Atman ndi ofanana ndi lingaliro lakumadzulo la mzimu, koma sizofanana. Kusiyana kumodzi kwakukulu ndikuti masukulu achihindu amagawika pamutu wa atman. Ahindu Awiri amakhulupirira kuti atmans aliyense ndi ogwirizana koma sali ofanana ndi Brahman. Komano, Ahindu omwe si aŵiri aŵiri amakhulupirira kuti atman aliyense payekha ndi Brahman; chifukwa chake, atmans onse ali ofanana komanso ofanana.

Lingaliro lakumadzulo la mzimu limawoneratu mzimu womwe umalumikizidwa mwachindunji ndi munthu m'modzi, ndi mawonekedwe ake onse (jenda, mtundu, umunthu). Moyo umaganiziridwa kukhalapo pamene munthu mmodzi wabadwa, ndipo subadwanso mwa kubadwanso kwina. Atman, kumbali ina, ali (malinga ndi masukulu ambiri a Chihindu) akuganiza kuti:

Gawo la mtundu uliwonse wa nkhani (osati yapadera kwa anthu)
Wamuyaya (sayamba ndi kubadwa kwa munthu wina)
Gawo la kapena lofanana ndi Brahman (Mulungu)
wobadwanso mwatsopano
khumba
Brahman ndi wofanana m'njira zambiri ndi lingaliro lakumadzulo la Mulungu: zopanda malire, zamuyaya, zosasinthika komanso zosamvetsetseka kwa malingaliro aumunthu. Komabe, pali malingaliro angapo a Brahman. M'matanthauzidwe ena, Brahman ndi mtundu wa mphamvu yosadziwika yomwe imayambitsa zinthu zonse. M'matanthauzira ena, Brahman amadziwonetsera yekha kupyolera mwa milungu ndi yaikazi monga Vishnu ndi Shiva.

Malinga ndi chiphunzitso chaumulungu cha Chihindu, atman amabadwanso mwatsopano. Kuzunguliraku kumathera pozindikira kuti atman ndi amodzi ndi Brahman motero ndi amodzi ndi zolengedwa zonse. Ndi zotheka kukwaniritsa izi mwa kukhala ndi makhalidwe abwino monga dharma ndi karma.

zoyambira
Kutchulidwa koyamba kwa atman kuli mu Rigveda, gulu la nyimbo, mapemphero, ndemanga ndi miyambo yolembedwa mu Sanskrit. Magawo a Rigveda ndi ena mwa zolemba zakale kwambiri zodziwika; mwina zinalembedwa ku India pakati pa 1700 ndi 1200 BC

Atman ndi mutu wofunikira wokambirana mu Upanishads. Ma Upanishads, olembedwa pakati pa zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chitatu ndi lachisanu ndi chimodzi BC, ndi makambirano pakati pa aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira okhazikika pa mafunso okhudzana ndi chilengedwe cha chilengedwe.

Pali mitundu yopitilira 200 ya Upanishads. Ambiri amatembenukira kwa Atman, kufotokoza kuti Atman ndiye maziko a zinthu zonse; sizingamvetsetsedwe mwanzeru koma zimatha kuzindikirika kudzera mukusinkhasinkha. Malinga ndi Upanishads, atman ndi Brahman ali mbali ya chinthu chomwecho; atman amabwerera ku Brahman pamene atman amasulidwa ndipo sakubadwanso. Kubwerera kapena kulowetsedwanso mu Brahman kumatchedwa moksha.

Malingaliro a atman ndi Brahman amafotokozedwa mophiphiritsira mu Upanishads; mwachitsanzo, Chandogya Upanishad ikuphatikiza ndimeyi pomwe Uddalaka akuwunikira mwana wake, Shvetaketu:

Pamene mitsinje yoyenda kum'mawa ndi kumadzulo iphatikizana
kulowa m'nyanja ndi kukhala nawo limodzi;
kuyiwala kuti iyo inali mitsinje yolekanitsa.
motero zolengedwa zonse zimataya kulekana kwawo
pamene potsirizira pake aphatikizana kukhala Umunthu woyera.
Palibe chimene sichichokera kwa iye.
Mwa zonsezo ndi Kuzama Kwambiri.
Iye ndiye choonadi; ndiye Mwiniwake wapamwamba.
Ndiwe Shvetaketu uyo, ndiwe zimenezo.

Masukulu a malingaliro
Pali masukulu akuluakulu asanu ndi limodzi a Chihindu: Nyaya, Vaisesika, Samkhya, Yoga, Mimamsa ndi Vedanta. Onse asanu ndi limodzi amavomereza zenizeni za Atman ndikugogomezera kufunikira kwa "kudziwa Atman" (kudzidziwa), koma aliyense amatanthauzira malingaliro mosiyana pang'ono. Kawirikawiri, atman amamveka ngati:

Osiyana ndi kudzikonda kapena umunthu
Zosasinthika komanso zosakhudzidwa ndi zochitika
Chikhalidwe chenicheni kapena chikhalidwe chaumwini
Zaumulungu ndi zoyera
Vedanta school
Sukulu ya Vedanta ili ndi masukulu angapo a sekondale oganiza pa atman, ndipo sindikuvomereza. Mwachitsanzo:

Advaita Vedanta akunena kuti atman ndi ofanana ndi Brahman. M’mawu ena, anthu onse, nyama ndi zinthu ziri mofanana mbali ya chithunthu chaumulungu chofanana. Kuvutika kwa anthu kumayambika makamaka chifukwa cha kusazindikira za chilengedwe chonse cha Brahman. Pamene kudzimvetsetsa kwathunthu kwatheka, anthu amatha kupeza ufulu ngakhale atakhala ndi moyo.
Dvaita Vedanta, m'malo mwake, ndi nzeru zapawiri. Malinga ndi anthu omwe amatsatira zikhulupiriro za Dvaita Vedanta, pali atmans amodzi ndi Paramatma yosiyana (supreme Atma). Kumasulidwa kumangochitika pambuyo pa imfa, pamene atman akhoza (kapena ayi) kukhala pafupi (ngakhale si mbali ya) Brahman.
Sukulu ya Akshar-Purushottam ya Vedanta imatchula atman ngati jiva. Otsatira a sukuluyi amakhulupirira kuti munthu aliyense ali ndi jiva yakeyake yomwe imapangitsa munthuyo kukhala ndi moyo. Jiva imasuntha kuchoka ku thupi limodzi kupita ku lina pa kubadwa ndi imfa.
Nyaya School
Sukulu ya Nyaya imaphatikizapo akatswiri ambiri omwe malingaliro awo akhudza masukulu ena achihindu. Akatswiri a Nyaya amati kuzindikira kulipo ngati gawo la atman ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito mfundo zomveka kuti atsimikizire kukhalapo kwa atman ngati munthu payekha kapena mzimu. Nyayasutra, nkhani yakale ya Nyaya, imalekanitsa zochita za anthu (monga kuyang'ana kapena kuona) ndi zochita za Atman (kufunafuna ndi kumvetsetsa).

Vaiseshika School
Sukulu ya Chihindu imeneyi imatchedwa atomu, kutanthauza kuti mbali zambiri zimapanga chenicheni chonse. Mu sukulu ya Vaiseshika pali zinthu zinayi zamuyaya: nthawi, danga, malingaliro ndi atman. The Atman akufotokozedwa mu filosofi iyi ngati mndandanda wa zinthu zambiri zamuyaya ndi zauzimu. Kudziwa Atman ndikungomvetsetsa zomwe Atman ali, koma sizimatsogolera ku mgwirizano ndi Brahman kapena chisangalalo chamuyaya.

Mimamsa school
Mimamsa ndi sukulu yamwambo ya Chihindu. Mosiyana ndi masukulu ena, imalongosola kuti atman ndi ofanana ndi ego, kapena kudzikonda. Zochita zabwino zimakhala ndi zotsatira zabwino kwa munthu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti makhalidwe abwino ndi ntchito zabwino zikhale zofunika kwambiri pasukuluyi.

Samkhya School
Mofanana ndi sukulu ya Advaita Vedanta, mamembala a Sukulu ya Samkhya amawona atman monga chiyambi cha munthu ndi ego monga chifukwa cha kuvutika kwaumwini. Mosiyana ndi Advaita Vedanta, komabe, Samkhya amakhulupirira kuti pali chiwerengero chosawerengeka cha ma atman apadera, amodzi kwa aliyense m'chilengedwe.

Sukulu ya Yoga
Sukulu ya Yoga ili ndi malingaliro ofanana ndi sukulu ya Samkhya: mu Yoga pali atman ambiri osakwatiwa m'malo mokhala munthu m'modzi wapadziko lonse lapansi. Yoga, komabe, imaphatikizansopo njira zingapo "zodziwa atman" kapena kudzidziwa.