Chipembedzo Padziko Lonse: Maganizo achiyuda podzipha

Kudzipha ndi chinthu chovuta m'dziko lomwe tikukhalamoli ndipo zavutitsa anthu nthawi yayitali komanso zolemba zina zoyambirira zomwe zidachokera ku Tanakh. Koma Chiyuda chimatani ndi kudzipha?

zoyambira
Kuletsa kudzipha sikupezeka ku lamulo loti "Usaphe" (Ekisodo 20:13 ndi Deuteronomo 5:17). Kudzipha ndi kupha machimo awiri osiyana muchiyuda.

Malinga ndi gulu la arabi, kupha munthu ndi cholakwa pakati pa munthu ndi Mulungu, komanso munthu ndi munthu, pomwe kudzipha ndi kulakwa pakati pa munthu ndi Mulungu. Pomaliza, chikuwoneka ngati chinthu chomwe chimakana kuti moyo wa munthu ndi mphatso yochokera kwa Mulungu ndipo chimawerengedwa ngati kumenya mbama pamaso pa Mulungu kufupikitsa nthawi yamoyo yomwe Mulungu adampatsa. Kupatula apo, Mulungu "adalenga (dziko lapansi) kuti akhalemo" (Yesaya 45:18).

Pirkei Avot 4:21 (Ethics of the Fathers) ilinso pamawu awa:

"Ngakhale utayesedwa, komanso ngakhale kuti unabadwa, komanso ngakhale kuti uli ndi moyo, komanso ngakhale kuti umafa, ndipo ngakhale utakhala ndi iwe udzadziwerengera pamaso pa Mfumu ya Mafumu, Woyera, udalitsike Iye. "
Zowonadi, palibe choletsa chotsimikizika chodzipha ku Torah, koma m'malo mwake pali kuyankhula kwa chiletso mu Talmud ya Bava Kama 91b. Kuletsa kudzipha kwakhazikika pa Genesis 9: 5, pomwe akuti, "Ndipo, magazi anu, magazi a moyo wanu, ndidzafunika." Amakhulupirira kuti anaphatikiza kudzipha. Momwemonso, malinga ndi Deuteronomo 4:15, "Mudzateteza moyo wanu mosamala" ndipo kudzipha sikukalingalira.

Malinga ndi a Maimonides, omwe adati: "Aliyense amene adzipha yekha ali ndi mlandu wokhetsa magazi" (Hilchot Avelut, chaputala 1), palibe imfa pamakhothi chifukwa chodzipha, "kufa kokha m'manja akumwamba" (Rotzeah 2: 2 -3).

Mitundu yodzipha
Poyamba, kulirira kudzipha sikuloledwa, kupatula chimodzi.

"Ili ndiye mfundo yayikulu yokhudza kudzipha: timapeza zifukwa zilizonse zomwe tinganene ndikuti adachita izi chifukwa choopa kwambiri kapena akuvutika kwambiri, kapena malingaliro ake anali osasamala, kapena adaganiza kuti ndizoyenera kuchita zomwe adachita chifukwa amawopa kuti ngati zingakhale adakhala atakhala kuti wachita mlandu ... Palibe chovuta kwambiri kuti munthu angachite zamisala pokhapokha malingaliro ake atasokonezeka "(Pirkei Avot, Yoreah Deah 345: 5)

Mitundu iyi yakudzipha imafotokozedwa mu Talmud monga

B'daat, kapena munthu yemwe ali ndi ziwalo zathupi zathupi komanso malingaliro akamatenga moyo wake
Anuss kapena munthu yemwe ndi "wolimbikitsidwa" ndipo sachita zomwe wadzipha

Munthu woyamba sakulira mwanjira yachiwiri ndipo yachiwiri ndi. Lamulo lachihebri la Joseph Karo la malamulo a Shulchan Aruch, komanso olamulira ambiri azaka zaposachedwa, atsimikiza kuti ambiri omwe amadzipha ayenera kukhala oyenererana. Zotsatira zake, anthu ambiri odzipha sakuwaona ngati ali ndi mlandu pa zomwe amachita ndipo amalira chimodzimodzi monga Myuda aliyense amene wamwalira mwachilengedwe.

Palinso kusiyapo kudzipha monga kuphedwa. Komabe, ngakhale muzovuta kwambiri, ziwerengero zina sizinalole ku zomwe zikanapangidwa mosavuta ndikudzipha. Wodziwika kwambiri ndi nkhani ya Rabi Hananiah ben Teradyon yemwe, atakulungidwa ndi zikopa za Torah ndi Aroma ndikuwotcha moto, adakana kutulutsa moto kuti ufulumize kuphedwa kwake, nati: "Ndani adayika mzimu mthupi ndi Umodzi. kuchotsa; palibe munthu amene angadziwonongetse yekha ”(Avodah Zarah 18a).

Mbiri kudzipha mu Chiyuda
Mu 1 Samueli 31: 4-5, Saulo adzipha pomponya lupanga lake. Kudzipha kumeneku kumatetezedwa ndichisoni ndi mfundo yoti Sauli akuopa kuzunzidwa ndi Afilisiti ngati angagwidwe, zomwe zikadamupangitsa kuti aphedwe onse.

Kudzipha kwa Samisoni mu Oweruza 16:30 kumatsimikiziridwa ngati vuto ndi lingaliro loti inali ntchito ya Kiddush Hashem, kapena kuyeretsa dzina la Mulungu, kuthana ndi kunyoza kwa Mulungu kwachikunja.

Mwinanso chochitika chodziwika kwambiri chodzipha m'chipembedzo chachiyuda chinajambulidwa ndi Giuseppe Flavio pankhondo yachiyuda, pomwe amakumbukira kuphedwa kwakukulu kwa amuna 960, amuna ndi akazi ndi ana ku linga lakale la Masada mu 73 AD. pamaso pa gulu lankhondo la Chiroma lomwe lidatsata. Pambuyo pake, abwanamkubwa anakayikira kukhudzidwa kwa kuphedwa kumene chifukwa cha chiphunzitso chakuti akagwidwa ndi Aroma, mwina adzapulumutsidwa, ngakhale atakhala moyo wawo wonse ngati akapolo a ogwidwa.

Mu Middle Ages, nkhani zosawerengeka za kufera chikhulupiriro zidalembedwa pamaso pa kukakamizidwa ndi kuphedwa. Ndiponso, olamulira arabi savomereza kuti zochitika zodzipha izi zidaloledwa pokhapokha. Nthawi zambiri, matupi a omwe adatenga miyoyo yawo, pazifukwa zilizonse, adaikidwa m'manda m'manda (Yoreah Deah 345).

Pempherani kuti muthe kufa
Mordekai Joseph waku Izbica, wa zaka za m'ma XNUMX wa Hasidic, adafotokoza ngati munthu amaloledwa kupemphera kwa Mulungu kuti afe ngati sizingatheke kuti munthu adziphe, koma m'maganizo mwake pamakhala zovuta.

Mtundu uwu wa mapemphero umapezeka m'malo awiri ku Tanakh: kuyambira Yona pa Yona 4: 4 komanso kuchokera kwa Eliya mu 1 Mafumu 19: 4. Aneneri onsewa, poganiza kuti alephera pamishoni yawo, kupempha kuti aphedwe. Moredekai akumvetsa malembawa ngati osavomereza pempho loti aphedwe, akuti munthu sayenera kukhala wokhumudwa ndi zolakwika za anthu omwe amakhala nawo nthawi yomweyo zomwe zimamupangitsa kukhala wamkati ndipo akufuna kuti asakhalenso ndi moyo kuti apitilize kuwona komanso kukumana ndi zovuta zake.

Kuphatikiza apo, Honi Wozungulira Circle anali wosungulumwa kwambiri, atapemphera kwa Mulungu kuti amulole kufa, Mulungu anavomera kuti amuleke afe (Ta'anit 23a).