Chipembedzo Padziko Lonse: Magawo anayi a moyo wa Chihindu

Mu Chihindu, moyo wa munthu umakhulupirira kuti umakhala ndi magawo anayi. Izi zimatchedwa "ashrama" ndipo munthu aliyense ayenera kudutsa magawo awa:

Ashrama yoyamba: "Brahmacharya" kapena kuphunzira kwa Ophunzira
Ashrama yachiwiri: "Grihastha" kapena Gawo la banja
Ashrama yachitatu: "Vanaprastha" kapena siteji ya hermit
Ashrama wachinayi: "Sannyasa" kapena siteji yoyendayenda

Chinthu chofunika kwambiri pa moyo wa ashram ndicho kuyang'ana kwake pa dharma, lingaliro lachihindu la kulondola kwa makhalidwe. Dharma ndiye maziko amitu yambiri ya moyo wachihindu ndipo, mu ma ashrama anayi, dharma imaphunziridwa, kuchitidwa, kuphunzitsidwa ndi kuzindikira.

Mbiri ya ashrama
Dongosolo la ashrama limakhulupirira kuti lakhala likufala kuyambira zaka za zana la XNUMX BC m'magulu achihindu, ndipo limafotokozedwa m'malemba apamwamba a Sanskrit otchedwa Asrama Upanishad, Vaikhanasa Dharmasutra ndi Dharmashastra pambuyo pake.

Akatswiri a mbiri yakale amanena kuti magawo amenewa a moyo nthawi zonse ankaonedwa ngati "zolinga" kusiyana ndi zochitika wamba. Malinga ndi kunena kwa katswiri wina, ngakhale m’masiku ake oyambirira, pambuyo pa ashrama yoyamba, wachichepere wachikulire akanatha kusankha ashrama ina iliyonse imene akufuna kutsatira kwa moyo wake wonse. Masiku ano Mhindu sayembekezeredwa kupyola magawo anayi, koma lingalirolo likadali ngati "mzati" wofunikira wa miyambo ya chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi chipembedzo.

Brahmacharya: The Celibate Student
Brahmacharya ndi nthawi yamaphunziro yomwe imatha mpaka zaka pafupifupi 25, pomwe wophunzira amachoka kwawo kupita kukakhala ndi mphunzitsi wamkulu ndikupeza chidziwitso chauzimu ndi chothandiza. Wophunzirayo ali ndi ntchito ziwiri: kuphunzira luso la moyo wake ndi kuchita kudzipereka kosalekeza kwa aphunzitsi ake. Panthawi imeneyi, amatchedwa Brahmachari pamene akukonzekera ntchito yake yamtsogolo komanso banja lake ndi moyo wa chikhalidwe ndi chipembedzo zomwe zikutiyembekezera.

Grihastha - wopeza chakudya
Ashrama yachiwiri imeneyi imayamba paukwati pamene munthu akuyenera kutenga udindo wopeza zofunika pamoyo ndi kusamalira banja. Panthawiyi, Ahindu amayamba kuchita dharma, komanso amafunafuna chuma kapena kukhutitsidwa ndi chuma (artha) monga chofunikira, ndikuchita zosangalatsa za kugonana (kama), pansi pa miyambo ina yodziwika bwino ya chikhalidwe ndi chilengedwe.

Ashrama iyi imatha mpaka zaka pafupifupi 50. Malinga ndi Malamulo a Manu, munthu akachita makwinya ndipo tsitsi lake layamba imvi, ayenera kusiya nyumba yake n’kupita kunkhalango. Komabe, Ahindu ambiri amakondana kwambiri ndi ashrama yachiwiriyi kotero kuti siteji ya Grihastha imakhala moyo wonse!

Vanaprastha: The Hermit in Retreat
Gawo la Vanaprastha ndi limodzi losiya pang'onopang'ono. Udindo wa munthu monga mutu wa banja umatha: anakhala agogo, ana ake anakula ndipo analenga moyo wawo. Pamsinkhu umenewu, ayenera kusiya zokondweretsa zonse zakuthupi, zakuthupi ndi zakugonana, kusiya moyo wake waubwenzi ndi wantchito, ndi kusiya nyumba yake kupita ku kanyumba ka m’nkhalango kumene angakakhaleko nthaŵi yopemphera.

Waukazi amaloledwa kutenga mwamuna kapena mkazi wake koma samalumikizana kwenikweni ndi ena onse a m’banjamo. Ntchito ya ashrama yachitatu iyenera kufunsidwa ngati akulu ndi anthu onse, kuphunzitsa dharma kwa iwo omwe amayendera. Moyo woterewu ndi wovuta kwambiri komanso wankhanza kwa munthu wokalamba. Palibe zodabwitsa, ashrama yachitatu iyi tsopano yatsala pang'ono kutha.

Sannyasa: The Wandering Recluse
Ashrama 4 ndi imodzi mwa kukana ndikuzindikira dharma. Pa nthawiyi, munthu ayenera kukhala wodzipereka kotheratu kwa Mulungu. wasiya zilakolako zonse, mantha, ziyembekezo, ntchito ndi maudindo. Iye ali wogwirizana kwenikweni ndi Mulungu, maubwenzi ake onse a padziko lapansi athyoledwa ndipo nkhawa yake yokhayo imakhala kukwaniritsa moksha kapena kumasulidwa ku bwalo la kubadwa ndi imfa. (Mkokwanira kunena kuti Ahindu oŵerengeka kwambiri angakwere kufika pa siteji imeneyi kukhala wodzisunga kotheratu.) Pamene iye wamwalira, madyerero a maliro (Pretakarma) amachitidwa ndi wolowa nyumba wake.