Chipembedzo Padziko Lonse: Kuwunikira mwachidule malembedwe Achibuda

Kodi pali Baibo ya Buddha? Osati chimodzimodzi. Buddhism ili ndi malemba ambiri, koma zolembedwa zochepa ndizovomerezeka ngati zovomerezeka komanso zovomerezeka ndi sukulu iliyonse ya Buddha.

Palinso chifukwa china chomwe kulibe Baibulo lachi Buddha. Zipembedzo zambiri zimawona malembedwe awo ngati mawu owululidwa a Mulungu kapena milungu. Ku Buddha, komabe, zimamveka kuti malembawo ndi ziphunzitso za Buddha wa mbiri yakale - yemwe sanali mulungu - kapena ambuye ena owunikiridwa.

Ziphunzitso za ma Buddha maumboni ndizizindikiro zochitira kapena momwe mungadziphunzitsire bwino. Chofunikira ndikumvetsetsa ndikugwiritsa ntchito zomwe malembawo amaphunzitsa, osati "kungokhulupirira".

Mitundu yamalemba Achibuda
Malembo ambiri amatchedwa "sutra" mu Sanskrit kapena "sutta" mu. Mawu akuti sutra kapena sutta amatanthauza "ulusi". Mawu akuti "sutra" mumutu walemba akuwonetsa kuti ntchitoyi ndi ulaliki wochokera kwa Buddha kapena m'modzi wa ophunzira ake apamwamba. Komabe, monga momwe tidzafotokozera pambuyo pake, ma sutras ambiri mwina ali ndi magwero ena.

Ma sutras amapezeka m'masero ambiri. Zina ndizitali, zina ndi mizere zochepa. Palibe amene akuwoneka ngati angaganize kuti ndi ma sutras angati mutakhala kuti mwadzaza anthu onse ovomerezeka ndikuwasonkhanitsa mulu. Zambiri.

Sikuti malembo onse ndi sutras. Kuphatikiza pa sutras, palinso ndemanga, malamulo a amonke ndi masisitere, nthano za moyo wa Buddha ndi mitundu ina yambiri yamalemba omwe amawerengedwa ngati "malemba".

Canons a Theravada ndi Mahayana
Pafupifupi zaka XNUMX zapitazo, Chibuda chidagawika m'masukulu awiri akulu, omwe amatchedwa Theravada ndi Mahayana lero. Zolemba za Buddha zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi chimodzi kapena china, zomwe zimagawidwa mu canravada ndi Mahayana canons.

Ma teravadine sawona ngati ma Mahayana ndiowona. Achi Buddha a Mahayana, konse, amalingalira za Theravada ovomerezeka ovomerezeka, koma nthawi zina a Mahayana Buddha amaganiza kuti ena mwa malembo awo alowa m'malo mwa ulamuliro wa Theravada. Kapena, akusintha kumasinthidwe osiyanasiyana kuposa mtundu wa Theravada.

Zolemba za Buddhist Theravada
Zolemba za sukulu ya Theravada zimasonkhanitsidwa mu ntchito yotchedwa Pali Tipitaka kapena Pali Canon. Mawu akuti Tip Tip amatanthauza "mabasiketi atatu", zomwe zikusonyeza kuti Tipitaka lagawidwa magawo atatu, ndipo gawo lirilonse ndi mndandanda wa ntchito. Magawo atatuwa ndi sutra basket (Sutta-pitaka), basket basket (Vinaya-pitaka) ndi basiketi yapadera ya ziphunzitso (Abhidhamma-pitaka).

Sutta-pitaka ndi Vinaya-pitaka ndi maulaliki olembedwa a mbiri yakale a Buddha ndi malamulo omwe adakhazikitsa kuti azilamula. Abhidhamma-pitaka ndi ntchito yosanthula komanso nzeru zopangidwa ndi Buddha koma mwina zidalembedwa zaka zingapo pambuyo pa Parinirvana.

A Theravadin Pali Tipitika onse ndi chilankhulo cha Pali. Pali Mabaibulo a omwewa omwe adalembedwanso mu Sanskrit, ngakhale ambiri omwe tili nawo ndi matanthauzidwe achi China omwe adatayika a Sanskrit. Zolemba izi za Sanskrit / Chinese ndi gawo limodzi mwa zikwangwani za Chitchaina ndi Chitibetan za Mahayana Buddhism.

Mahayana Achi Buddha malemba
Inde, kuwonjezera chisokonezo, pali awiri ovomerezeka a malembo a Mahayana, omwe amatchedwa canon a Chitibeta ndi ovomerezeka achi China. Pali zolemba zambiri zomwe zimapezeka m'malemba onse ovomerezeka komanso ambiri omwe satero. Tibetan Canon mwachiwonekere imagwirizanitsidwa ndi Buddhism wa Tibet. Chinese Canon ndiyofunika kwambiri ku East Asia - China, Korea, Japan, Vietnam.

Pali mtundu wa Sanskrit / Chinese waku Sutta-pitaka wotchedwa Agamas. Izi zimapezeka mu Chinese Canon. Palinso ma sutras ambiri a Mahayana omwe alibe anzawo ku Theravada. Pali nthano ndi nthano zomwe zimagwirizanitsa ma santras a Mahayana ndi Buddha wa mbiri yakale, koma olemba mbiri amatiuza kuti zolembedwazo zidalembedwa kwambiri pakati pa zaka za zana la 1 BC ndi XNUMXth BC, ndipo zina ngakhale pambuyo pake. Kwambiri, kutsimikizira komanso kulemba kwa malembawa sikudziwika.

Zachidziwitso zachilendo izi zimadzutsa mafunso okhudzana ndi ulamuliro wawo. Monga ndanenera, Abuda a Theravada amanyalanyaza kwathunthu malembedwe a Mahayana. Pakati pa masukulu achi Buddha a Mahayana, ena akupitilizabe kuphatikiza ma svana ma Mahayana ndi a Buddha a mbiri yakale. Ena amazindikira kuti malembawa adalembedwa ndi olemba osadziwika. Koma popeza nzeru ndi kufunika kwa uzimu m'malemba awa zawonekera ku mibadwo yambiri, amasungidwa ndi kulemekezedwa ngati sutra.

Ma Mahayana sutras amalingaliridwa kuti ndi omwe adalembedwa kale ku Sanskrit, koma nthawi zambiri kuposa momwe Mabaibulo akale omwe analipo ndi matanthauzidwe achi China ndipo Sanskrit yoyambirira imatayika. Ophunzira ena, komabe, amati matembenuzidwe akale achi China kwenikweni ndi matembenuzidwe oyambirirawo, ndipo olemba awo amati adawamasulira kuchokera ku Sanskrit kuti awapatse mphamvu zochulukirapo.

Mndandandandawu wa ma Mahtana sutras waukulu sunakwaniritsidwe koma amapereka mafotokozedwe achidule a ma sutras ofunika kwambiri a Mahayana.

Achi Buddha a Mahayana nthawi zambiri amavomereza mtundu wina wa Abhidhamma / Abhidharma wotchedwa Sarvastivada Abhidharma. M'malo mwa Pali Vinaya, Buddha waku Tibetan nthawi zambiri amatsatira mtundu wina wotchedwa Mulasarvastivada Vinaya ndipo ena onse a Mahayana nthawi zambiri amatsatira Dharmaguptaka Vinaya. Ndipo pali ndemanga, nkhani ndi maupitiri osawerengeka.

Masukulu ambiri a Mahayana amadzisankhira okha magawo ofunika kwambiri kuposa chuma ichi, ndipo masukulu ambiri amangotsindika ochepa okha a sutras ndi ndemanga. Koma sikuti nthawi zonse zimakhala zofanana. Chifukwa chake ayi, palibe "Buddha Bible".