Nirvana ndi lingaliro la ufulu ku Buddha

Mawu akuti nirvana ndiofala kwambiri kwa omwe amalankhula Chingerezi kotero tanthauzo lake lenileni limatayika. Mawu adalandiridwa kutanthauza "chisangalalo" kapena "bata". Nirvana ndi dzina la gulu lodziwika bwino la grunge band ku America, komanso zinthu zambiri zogula, kuchokera kumadzi okhala ndi mabotolo mpaka onunkhira. Koma ndi chiyani? Ndipo zikugwirizana bwanji ndi Buddhism?

Tanthauzo la Nirvana
M'matanthauzidwe auzimu, nirvana (kapena nibbana in pali) ndi liwu lakale lachiSanskrit lomwe limatanthawuza china chake "kuzimitsa", ndikutanthauzira kuzimitsa lawi. Tanthauzo lenileni lomweli lapangitsa kuti azungu ambiri aziganiza kuti cholinga cha Buddha ndiko kudzipatula. Koma sizomwe Buddhism kapena nirvana konse. Chiwombolo chimaphatikizapo kufalikira kwa mkhalidwe wa samsara, kuvutika kwa dukkha; Samsara amatanthauzidwa ngati kuzungulira kwa kubadwa, kufa ndi kubadwanso, ngakhale mu Buddha izi sizofanana ndi kubadwanso kwa miyoyo yosweka, monga ziliri mu Chihindu, koma kubadwanso mwatsopano. Nirvana amadziwikanso kuti amasulidwa kuzungulira izi ndi dukkha, kupsinjika / kuwawa / kusakhutira kwa moyo.

Mu ulaliki wake woyamba atatha kuwunikiridwa, Buddha adalalikira Zoonadi Zina Zinayi. Kwenikweni, chowonadi chimalongosola chifukwa chomwe moyo umatipanikizira ndi kutifooketsa. Buddha adatipatsanso yankho ndi njira yopita ku ufulu, yomwe ndi Eightfold Path.

Chibuda, motero, sichikhulupiriro chambiri monga machitidwe omwe amatilola kuti tisiye kumenya nkhondo.

Nirvana si malo
Ndiye, ndikamasulidwa, chimachitika nchiyani? Masukulu osiyanasiyana achi Buddha amamvetsetsa nirvana m'njira zingapo, koma ambiri amavomereza kuti nirvana si malo. Zili ngati mkhalidwe wokhalapo. Komabe, Buddha adatinso chilichonse chomwe tinganene kapena kuganiza pa nirvana sichingakhale cholakwika chifukwa ndizosiyana kwathunthu ndi moyo wathu wamba. Nirvana ndi yopitilira malo, nthawi ndi tanthauzo, chifukwa chake chilankhulo sichokwanira kufotokoza izi. Zitha kuchitika pokhapokha.

Malembo ambiri ndi ndemanga zambiri zimalankhula kulowa nirvana, koma (kunena mosapita m'mbali), nirvana sitingalowe momwemo momwe timalowera m'chipinda kapena momwe tingaganizire kulowa kumwamba. Aravadin Thanissaro Bhikkhu adati:

"... ngakhale samsara kapena nirvana si malo. Samsara ndi njira yopanga malo, ngakhale maiko onse (izi zimatchedwa kuti kukhala) kenako kuyendayenda kuzungulira iwo (uku kumatchedwa kubadwa). Nirvana ndimapeto a njirayi. "
Zachidziwikire, mibadwo yambiri ya Abuda amaganiza kuti nirvana anali malo, chifukwa malire a chilankhulo samatipatsa njira inanso yolankhulira mkhalidwe uno. Palinso chikhulupiriro chakale chodziwika kuti munthu ayenera kubadwanso ngati wamwamuna kuti alowe nirvana. Buddha wa mbiriyakale sananenapo chilichonse zamtunduwu, koma chikhulupiriro chotchuka chikuwonetsedwa mu ma sutras a Mahayana. Lingaliro ili lidakanidwa kwambiri mu Vimalakirti Sutra, komabe, momwe zimafotokozedwera kuti azimayi onse komanso anthu wamba amatha kuphunzitsidwa bwino ndikudziwona nirvana.

Nibbana ku Theravada Buddhism
Chibuda cha Theravada chimafotokoza mitundu iwiri ya nirvana, kapena Nibbana, popeza Theravadin nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti Pali. Loyamba ndi "Nibbana ndi zotsalira". Izi zikufaniziridwa ndi kumira komwe kumakhalabe kotentha moto utazimitsidwa ndikufotokozera chamoyo chowunikiridwa kapena choyipa. Woyeserera adakali kudziwa zakusangalatsa komanso zowawa, koma samangirizidwanso kwa iwo.

Mtundu wachiwiri ndi parinibbana, womwe ndi womaliza kapena wokula kwathunthu "amene adalowetsedwa" pakufa. Tsopano ma embers ndiabwino. Buddha adaphunzitsa kuti dziko lino kulibe - chifukwa zomwe zinganenedwe kuti zilipo ndizochepa mu nthawi ndi malo - komanso sizipezeka. Vuto lodziwikirali likuwonetsa zovuta zomwe zimakhalapo pamene chilankhulo wamba chikufuna kufotokoza mkhalidwe womwe suwoneke.

Nirvana ku Mahayana Buddhism
Chimodzi mwazinthu zodziwika bwino za Mahayana Buddhism ndi lumbiro la bodhisattva. Ababuda a Mahayana adadzipatulira pakuwunikira kopambana kwa zolengedwa zonse motero amasankha kukhalabe mdziko lapansi kuti athandize ena m'malo motengera kuwunikira payekha. M'masukulu ena a Mahayana, popeza zonse zilipo, "payekha" nirvana silingaganizidwe nkomwe. Sukulu zachi Buddha izi ndizokhudza moyo wadziko lino lapansi, osasiyidwa.

Masukulu ena a Mahayana Buddhism amakhalanso ndi ziphunzitso zomwe samsara ndi nirvana sizisiyana. Munthu yemwe wazindikira kapena kuzindikira kuperewera kwa zinthuzo azindikira kuti nirvana ndi samsara siotsutsana, koma ponseponse. Popeza chowonadi chathu cham'kati ndicho Chibadwa cha Buddha, zonse nirvana ndi samsara ndizowonetsera zachilengedwe kumvetsetsa kopanda tanthauzo kwa malingaliro athu, ndipo nirvana imatha kuwoneka ngati chikhalidwe chenicheni choyeretsa cha samsara. Kuti mumve zambiri pamfundoyi, onaninso "The Heart Sutra" ndi "Zowonadi ziwiri".