Kodi chilankhulo choyambirira cha Baibulo chinali chiyani?

Malembo adayamba ndi chilankhulo choyambirira ndipo adamaliza ndi chilankhulo chovuta kwambiri kuposa Chingerezi.

Mbiri yazilankhulo zakale za m'Baibulo imaphatikizapo zilankhulo zitatu: Chihebri, koine kapena Greek ndi Aramaic wamba. Kwa zaka mazana angapo zomwe Chipangano Chakale chidalembedwa, Chihebri chasintha kuchokera ku zinthu zomwe zimapangitsa kuwerenga ndi kulemba kukhala kosavuta.

Mose adakhala pansi kuti alembe mawu oyamba a Pentateuch mu 1400 BC Panali zaka 3.000 zapitazo, mu 1500 AD, pomwe Baibulo lonse linamasuliridwa ku Chingerezi, ndikupanga chikalatachi kukhala imodzi mwa mabuku akale kwambiri omwe adalipo. Ngakhale ali ndi zaka zingati, Akhristu amawerenga Bayibulo panthawi yake komanso lofunikira chifukwa ndi Mawu a Mulungu ouziridwa.

Chiheberi: Chilankhulo cha Chipangano Chakale
Chihebri ndi cha gulu la chilankhulo cha Semitic, banja la zilankhulo zakale ku Fertile Crescent komwe adaphatikiza Akkadian, chilankhulo cha Nimrodi ku Genesis 10; Chi Ugariti, chilankhulo cha Akanani; ndi Chiaramu, chomwe chimakonda kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu ufumu wa Persia.

Chihebri chinalembedwa kuchokera kumanja kupita kumanzere ndipo chinali ndi makonsonanti 22. M'mawonekedwe ake oyamba, zilembo zonse zidathamanga limodzi. Pambuyo pake, mfundo ndi matchulidwe awonjezerapo kuti awonjezere kuwerenga. Pamene chilankhulocho chinkapita patsogolo, mavawelo adaphatikizidwa kuti amveke bwino mawu omwe anali osamveka.

Kupanga kwa liwu lachihebri kumatha kuyika verebu poyambirira, kenako kutsatira ndi dzina kapena mawu komanso zinthu. Popeza liwu ili ndi losiyana, mawu achiheberi sangamasuliridwe liwu ndi liwu m'Chingerezi. Vuto linanso ndi loti Chihebri chimatha kusintha mawu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito, omwe amawerenga.

Zilankhulo zingapo za Chiheberi zimayambitsa mawu achilendo pamawuwo. Mwachitsanzo, Genesis ali ndi mawu achiigupto pomwe Joshua, Oweruza ndi Rute akuphatikiza mawu achi Kanani. Ena mwa mabuku aulosiwa amagwiritsa ntchito mawu achi Babuloni, otengekera ukapolo.

Kudumphadumpha komveka bwino kunabwera ndi kumaliza kwa Septuagint, kumasulira kwa 200 BC kwa Chihebri Bible m'Chigiriki. Ntchitoyi idaphatikizanso mabuku 39 ovomerezeka a Chipangano Chakale ndi mabuku ena omwe adalembedwa Malaki asanachitike komanso m'Chipangano Chatsopano. Pomwe Ayuda adabalalika kuchokera ku Israeli m'zaka zapitazo, adayiwala kuwerenga Chihebri koma amatha kuwerenga Chigriki, chomwe chinali chilankhulidwe nthawi imeneyo.

Mgrike adatsegulira Chipangano Chatsopano kwa Amitundu
Olemba Bayibulo atayamba kulemba mauthenga ndi makalata, adasiya Chihebri ndikudzipereka pachilankhulo chodziwika bwino cha nthawi yawo, koine kapena Greek wamba. Chi Greek chinali chilankhulo chogwirizanitsa, chinali chofala panthawi ya kugonjetsedwa kwa Alexander the Great, yemwe cholinga chake chinali Hellenize kapena kufalitsa chikhalidwe cha Agiriki padziko lonse lapansi. Ulamuliro wa Alexander unakwaniritsa madera aku Mediterranean, kumpoto kwa Africa komanso madera ena a India, kotero kugwiritsa ntchito kwachi Greek kunakhala kofala.

Chi Greek chinali chosavuta kuyankhula komanso kulemba kuposa Chihebri chifukwa chimagwiritsa ntchito zilembo zonse, kuphatikizapo mavawelo. Komanso anali ndi mawu olemekezeka, omwe ankalola tanthauzo lenileni la tanthauzo. Mwachitsanzo ndi mawu anayi achi Greek osonyeza chikondi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'Baibulo.

Ubwino wina unali woti Mhelene adatsegula Chipangano Chatsopano kwa Akunja kapena osakhala Ayuda. Izi zinali zofunika kwambiri pakulalikira chifukwa achi Greek adalola Amitundu kuti aziwerenga okha ndikumvetsetsa mauthenga ndi makalata.

Chiaramuic Flavor chinawonjezeranso m'Baibulo
Ngakhale siali gawo lofunikira polemba Bayibulo, Chiaramu chinagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magawo angapo a Malemba. Chiaramu chimakonda kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu ufumu wa Persia; atasamutsidwa, Ayudawo adabweza Chiaramu ku Israel, komwe kudakhala chilankhulo chotchuka.

Baibulo lachiheberi linamasuliridwa m'Chiaramu, lotchedwa Targum, nthawi yachiwiri ya kachisi, yomwe idachokera 500 70 mpaka XNUMX AD. Kutanthauzira kumeneku kudawerengedwa m'masunagoge ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati maphunziro.

Ndime za mu Bayibulo zomwe zimapezeka koyambirira mu Chiaramu ndi Daniel 2-7; Ezara 4-7; ndi Yeremiya 10:11. Mawu achi Aramaic adalembedwanso m'Chipangano Chatsopano:

Talitha qumi ("Mtsikana kapena mtsikana, nyamuka!") Marko 5:41
Ephphatha ("Khalani otseguka") Marko 7:34
Eli, Eli, lema sebaqtani (kufuula kwa Yesu kuchokera pamtanda: "Mulungu wanga, Mulungu wanga, mwandisiyiranji ine?") Mariko 15:34, Mateyo 27:46
Abba ("Atate") Aroma 8:15; Agalatia 4: 6
Maranatha ("Ambuye, bwerani!") 1 Akorinto 16:22
Omasulira achingelezi
Mothandizidwa ndi Ufumu wa Roma, tchalitchi choyambirira chinatengera Chilatini monga chilankhulo chovomerezeka. Mu 382 AD, Papa Damus I adasankha Jerome kutulutsa Baibulo Lachilatini. Pogwira ntchito ku nyumba yachifumu ku Betelehemu, adamasulira Chipangano Chakale kwa nthawi yoyamba mwachindunji kuchokera ku Chihebri, kuchepetsa mwayi wolakwitsa ngati agwiritsa ntchito Septuagint. Baibulo lonse la Jerome, lotchedwa Vulgate chifukwa limagwiritsa ntchito zomwe zimafotokozedwa nthawi imeneyo, zinatuluka cha mu 402 AD

Vulgate inali buku lozindikira kwa zaka pafupifupi 1.000, koma Mabaibulo amenewa adawalemba ndi dzanja komanso okwera mtengo kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, anthu wamba ambiri samadziwa kuwerenga Chilatini. Baibulo lathunthu lachingerezi linafalitsidwa ndi a John Wycliffe mu 1382, kutengera Vulgate ngati gwero. Pambuyo pa izi, kumasulira kwa Tyndale mu 1535 ndi kwa Coverdale mu 1535. Kusinthaku kunapangitsa kuti matembenuzidwe azikhala omasuliridwa m'Chingelezi komanso zinenedwe zina zakomweko.

Matembenuzidwe achingelezi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito masiku ano amaphatikizapo mtundu wa King James, 1611; American Standard Version, 1901; Mtundu wokhazikika wokonzedwanso, 1952; Living Bible, 1972; Mtundu wapadziko lonse lapansi, 1973; Mtundu wa Chichewa wa lero (Good News Bible), 1976; New King James Version, 1982; ndi Chichewa standard standard, 2001.