Kodi mphamvu 4 zazikuluzikulu ndi ziti?

Makhalidwe abwino owunikira ndizo zabwino zinayi zamakhalidwe. Liwu la Chingerezi Kadinolo limachokera ku liwu Lachilatini la Cardo, lotanthauza "hinge". Mphamvu zina zonse zimatengera izi: kuchenjera, chilungamo, kulimba kwa malingaliro ndi kudziletsa.

Plato adakambirana koyamba zamakhalidwe abwino mu Republic, ndipo adalowa kuphunzitsa kwachikhristu kudzera mwa wophunzira wa Plato Aristotle. Mosiyana ndi malingaliro azachipembedzo, omwe ali mphatso za Mulungu kudzera mu chisomo, zabwino zinayi zakutsogolo zitha kuchitidwa ndi aliyense; chifukwa chake, zikuyimira maziko azikhalidwe zachilengedwe.

Kuzindikira: ukoma woyamba

A Thomas Aquinas adatchulapo kuchenjera ngati kakhalidwe woyamba wopambana chifukwa amachita ndi luntha. Aristotle adatanthauzira luntha kuti recta ratio agibilium, "chifukwa choyenera chochitira". Ndi ukoma womwe umatilola kuweruza molondola chomwe chiri cholondola ndi cholakwika pankhani inayake. Tikasokoneza choyipa ndi chabwino, sitichita mwanzeru - ndiye kuti tikuwonetsa kusowa kwathu.

Popeza ndikosavuta kugwa mukulakwitsa, kuchenjera kumafunikira kufunafuna upangiri wa ena, makamaka omwe tikudziwa kuti ndi oweruza oyenera pamakhalidwe. Kunyalanyaza upangiri kapena kuchenjeza kwa ena omwe malingaliro awo sangagwirizane ndi athu ndi chizindikiro cha kuzindikirika.

Chilungamo: ukoma wachiwiri wa makhadi

Chilungamo, malinga ndi a St. Thomas, ndiye ukadaulo wachiwiri waukulu chifukwa umakhudzanso zofuna zake. Monga p. M'matanthauzidwe ake amakono a Katolika, a John A. Hardon akuti, "ndikudzipereka kokhazikika komwe kumapatsa aliyense ufulu woyenera." Tinene kuti "chilungamo ndi khungu" chifukwa siziyenera kutengera zomwe tikuganiza za munthu winawake. Ngati tili naye ngongole, tiyenera kubweza ngongole zomwe tili nazo.

Chilungamo chikugwirizana ndi lingaliro la ufulu. Ngakhale nthawi zambiri timagwiritsa ntchito chilungamo pamalingaliro oyipa ("Adapeza zomwe zinali zoyenera"), chilungamo pamalingaliro oyenera ndiabwino. Kupanda chilungamo kumachitika pamene aliyense payekhapayekha kapena mwa lamulo tikamalanda munthu zomwe zamuyenera. Ufulu wazamalamulo sungakhale wopitilira ufulu wachilengedwe.

Linga

Ukadaulo wachitatu wachipembedzo, kutengera St. Thomas Aquinas, ndiye linga. Ngakhale kuli kwakuti ukomawu umadziwika kuti kulimba mtima, ndi wosiyana ndi zomwe timaganizira kulimba mtima masiku ano. Linga amatilola kuthana ndi mantha ndikukhalabe okhazikika pazolinga zathu ngakhale tikukumana ndi zopinga, koma zimaganiziridwa nthawi zonse; iye amene agwiritsa ntchito linga asafune ngozi chifukwa chowopsa. Wanzeru ndi chilungamo ndizochita zabwino zomwe timasankha zochita; linga amatipatsa mphamvu yochitira izi.

Khothi ndiye mphamvu yokhayo yomwe ilinso mphatso ya Mzimu Woyera, yomwe imatiloleza kupitilira mantha athu achilengedwe poteteza chikhulupiriro chathu.

Kutentha: ukoma wachinayi

Kutentha, akuti St. Thomas, ndiye mphamvu yachinayi komanso yomaliza. Ngakhale kulimba mtima kumachita ndi kusinthasintha kwa mantha kuti tichitepo kanthu, kudziletsa ndi kusinthasintha kwa zilako lako kapena zikhumbo zathu. Chakudya, chakumwa ndi kugonana ndizofunikira kuti tidzapulumuke, aliyense payekha komanso monga mtundu; komabe chikhumbo chosasinthika cha imodzi mwazinthu izi chimatha kukhala zovutirapo, zakuthupi komanso zamakhalidwe.

Kutentha ndi ukoma womwe umayesa kutiletsa kupitirira ndipo, mwakutero, umafuna ndalama zoyenera motsutsana ndi zomwe timafuna kwambiri. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwathu kovomerezeka kwa zinthuzi kumatha kukhala kosiyana panthawi zosiyanasiyana; kudziletsa ndi "njira ya golide" yomwe imatithandiza kudziwa momwe tingakwaniritsire zofuna zathu.