Zifukwa zinayi zomwe ndikuganiza kuti Yesu alipodi

Ophunzira ochepa masiku ano komanso gulu lalikulu la olemba intaneti amatsutsa kuti Yesu sanakhalepo. Ochirikiza udindo uwu, omwe amadziwika kuti ndi nthano chabe, amati Yesu ndi nthano chabe yopangidwa ndi olemba Chipangano Chatsopano (kapena omwe adalemba pambuyo pake). Mu positi iyi ndikupereka zifukwa zinayi zazikulu (kuyambira zofooka mpaka zamphamvu) zomwe zimanditsimikizira kuti Yesu waku Nazareti anali munthu weniweni popanda kudalira nkhani za uthenga wabwino za moyo wake.

Ndiwo otsogola kwambiri pantchito zamaphunziro.

Ndivomereza kuti ili ndi lofooka kwambiri pazifukwa zanga zinayi, koma ndiziwonetsa kuti palibe kutsutsana kwakukulu pakati pa akatswiri ambiri amaphunziro omwe ali ndi funso loti Yesu alipo. John Dominic Crossan, yemwe adayambitsa Wokayikira wokayikira Yesu, amakana kuti Yesu wauka kwa akufa koma ali ndi chidaliro kuti Yesu anali munthu wa mbiri yakale. Amalemba kuti: "Kuti [Yesu] anapachikidwa pamtanda ali wotsimikizika monga momwe ziriri zonse zikhalirepo" (Yesu: A Revolutionary Biography, p. 145). Bart Ehrman ndi wokhulupirira mizimu ndipo walankhula momveka bwino pokana nkhambakamwa. Ehrman amaphunzitsa ku Yunivesite ya North Carolina ndipo amadziwika kuti ndi katswiri wazokhudza zolembedwa za Chipangano Chatsopano. Amalemba kuti: "Lingaliro loti Yesu analiko limathandizidwa ndi akatswiri onse padziko lapansi" (Kodi Yesu analipo?, P. 4).

Kukhalapo kwa Yesu kumatsimikiziridwa ndi zolemba zowonjezera za mu Bayibulo.

Wolemba mbiri yakale wachiyuda wa m'zaka za zana loyamba, Josephus, adatchulapo za Yesu kawiri kawiri. Buku lachifupi kwambiri la bukuli limafotokoza mbiri yakale ya Ayuda ndipo limafotokoza za kuponyedwa miyala kwa ophwanya malamulo mu AD 20. M'modzi mwa achifwamba amatchulidwa kuti "m'bale wa Yesu, amene amatchedwa Khristu, dzina lake ndiye Yakobe ”. Zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nkhaniyi ikhale yotsimikizika ndikuti imasowa mawu achikristu monga "Lord", imakwaniritsidwa m'ndime iyi yakale, ndipo malembawo amapezeka mu zolemba zakale za Antiquities.

Malinga ndi katswiri wamaphunziro a Chipangano Chatsopano, Robert Van Voorst m'buku lake Jesus Outside the New Testament, "Ophunzira ambiri amakhulupirira kuti mawu oti 'm'bale wake wa Yesu, yemwe amatchedwa Khristu' ndiowona, monganso mawu ena onse amapezeka "(tsamba 83).

Ndime yayitali kwambiri m'buku 18 imatchedwa Testimonium Flavianum. Ophunzira adagawika pa izi chifukwa, pomwe amatchulapo Yesu, ali ndi ziganizo zomwe zomwe zidawonjezedwa ndi okopera achikristu. Izi zikuphatikiza mawu omwe sakanagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Myuda ngati Josephus, monga kunena za Yesu: "Ndiye Khristu" kapena "adawonekeranso wamoyo patsiku lachitatu".

Nthanozo zimati gawo lonseli ndi labodza chifukwa silunenedwa kale ndipo limasokoneza nkhani yapakale ya Josephus. Koma lingaliro ili limanyalanyaza mfundo yoti olemba akale sankagwiritsa ntchito mawu amtsinde ndipo nthawi zambiri ankayendayenda pamitu yosagwirizana ndi zomwe adalemba. Malinga ndi katswiri wamaphunziro a Chipangano Chatsopano a James DG Dunn, nkhaniyi idali yokhudza kufalikira kwa chikhrisitu, komanso pali mawu omwe akhristu sangagwiritse ntchito za Yesu. "Tribe," womwe ndi umboni wamphamvu wosonyeza kuti poyambira Josephus adalemba zofanana ndi izi:

Pa ndzidzi ubodzi ene Yezu abwera, mamuna wanzeru. Chifukwa adachita zodabwitsa, mphunzitsi wa anthu omwe adalandira chowonadi mosangalala. Ndipo idapeza kutsatira kuchokera kwa onse Ayuda komanso ambiri achi Greek. Ndipo pamene Pilato, chifukwa chomuneneza ndi atsogoleri pakati pathu, adamuweruza pamtanda, iwo omwe anali kumukonda kale sanasiye kuchita izi. Mpaka lero, fuko la Akhristu (lomwe linatchulidwa pambuyo pake) silinathe. (Yesu Anakumbukira, tsamba 141).

Kuphatikiza apo, wolemba mbiri wachiroma Tasitus akulemba m'mabuku ake kuti, moto waukulu waku Roma utatha, Nero adadzudzula gulu lonyozeka la anthu otchedwa Akhristu. Tasitus azindikiritsa gululi motere: "Christus, yemwe adayambitsa dzinali, adaphedwa ndi Pontius Pilatu, bwanamkubwa wa Yudeya mu nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Tiberiyo." Bart D. Ehrman alemba kuti, "Nkhani ya Tasitus imatsimikizira zomwe tikudziwa kuchokera kwazinthu zina, kuti Yesu adaphedwa mothandizidwa ndi kazembe wachiroma waku Yudeya, Pontius Pilato, nthawi ina panthawi ya ulamuliro wa Tiberius" (The New Testament: Historical Introduction to zolemba zachikhristu zoyambirira, 212).

Abambo a Tchalitchi choyambirira samalongosola zachinyengo.

Iwo amene amakana kukhalapo kwa Yesu nthawi zambiri amakangana kuti akhristu akale amakhulupirira kuti Yesu anali chabe mpulumutsi wa chilengedwe chonse amene amalankhula kwa okhulupirira kudzera m'masomphenya. Pambuyo pake Akhristuwo adaonjezeranso tsatanetsatane wa moyo wa Yesu (monga kuphedwa kwake motsogozedwa ndi Pontiyo Pilato) kuti amuchotsere Palestine. Ngati chiphunzitso chabodza chiri chowona, ndiye kuti pena pake pa mbiri yachikhristu pakadakhala chipwirikiti kapena kutembenuka kwenikweni pakati pa otembenuka kumene omwe amakhulupirira Yesu weniweni ndi lingaliro la kukhazikitsidwa kwa "or Orthodox" komwe Yesu sanakhaleko. analipo.

Chochititsa chidwi ndi chiphunzitso ichi ndi chakuti makolo ampingo woyambirira ngati Irenaeus adasiya kuthetsa mpatuko. Alemba mndandanda waukulu wotsutsa ampatuko ndipo m'zolemba zawo zonse ziphunzitso zonama zomwe Yesu sanakhalepo sizinatchulidwepo. M'malo mwake, palibe aliyense m'mbiri yonse ya Chikristu (ngakhale otsutsa achikunja monga Celsus kapena Lucian) amene adalimbikitsa Yesu wongopeka kufikira zaka za zana la XNUMX.

Zipembedzo zina, monga za Gnosticism kapena Donatism, zinali ngati kupindika kolimba pa carpet. Mutha kuwachotsa m'malo amodzi kuti muwoneke pambuyo pake zaka mazana ambiri, koma "mphekesera" zabodza sizikupezeka mu Mpingo woyambirira. Chifukwa chake, ndizotheka kwambiri: kuti Mpingo woyambirira unasaka ndikuphwanya membala aliyense wachikhulupiriro chabodza kuti aletse kufalikira kwampatuko ndipo sizinalembe konse za izi, kapena kuti akhristu oyambilira sanali nthano chabe ndipo chifukwa chake sanali c kodi sikunali kanthu kuti Abambo a Tchalitchi akhazikitse kampeni? (Nthano zina zimati chiphunzitso cha Chikhulupiriro cha m'Chikhulupiriro chomwe chidalipo cha Yesu wopeka, koma sindimazindikira kuti izi ndi zowona. Onani blog iyi posonyeza lingaliro labwino.)

St. Paul adadziwa ophunzira a Yesu.

Nthano zambiri zimavomereza kuti St. Paul anali munthu weniweni, chifukwa tili ndi zilembo. Mu Agalatia 1: 18-19, Paulo akufotokoza za kukumana kwake ku Yerusalemu ndi Petro ndi Yakobo, "m'bale wa Ambuye". Zowonadi ngati Yesu akadakhala nthano chabe, m'modzi wa abale ake akadadziwa izi (zindikirani kuti mu Chigriki mawu oti m'bale angatanthauzenso wachibale). Nthanozo zimapereka malongosoledwe angapo pavesili omwe Robert Price amawona kuti ndi gawo la zomwe amatcha "Upangiri wamphamvu kwambiri wotsutsana ndi chiphunzitso cha Christ-Myth". (The Christ Myth Theory ndi Zovuta Zake, p. 333).

Earl Doherty, nthano yakale, akuti dzina la James mwina limatanthauzira gulu lachiyuda lomwe lidalipo kale ndikudzitcha "abale a Ambuye" omwe Yakobo angakhale anali mtsogoleri (Yesu: Palibe Mulungu kapena Munthu, p. 61) . Koma tiribe umboni wotsimikizira kuti gulu loterolo linalipo ku Yerusalemu nthawi imeneyo. Kuphatikiza apo, Paulo amadzudzula Akorinto chifukwa chodzinena kuti ndi wokhulupirika kwa munthu wina, ngakhalenso Khristu, ndipo chifukwa chake adayambitsa kugawikana mu Mpingo (1 Akorinto 1: 11-13). Sizokayikitsa kuti Paul angatamandire James chifukwa chokhala m'gulu logawanitsa (Paul Eddy ndi Gregory Boyd, The Jesus Legend, p. 206).

Price akuti mutuwu ukhoza kutanthauza kuti Yakobo akutsanza za Khristu. Amadandaulira wokonda Chitchaina wazaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi yemwe amadzitcha "m'bale wake wa Yesu" ngati umboni wa chiphunzitso chake chakuti "m'bale" angatanthauze wotsatira wauzimu (tsamba 338). Koma chitsanzo chomwe chatulutsidwa kumene kuchokera ku Palestine wa m'zaka za zana loyamba chimapangitsa malingaliro a Price kukhala ovuta kuvomereza kuposa kungowerenga malembawo.

Pomaliza, ndikuganiza kuti pali zifukwa zambiri zoganiza kuti Yesu analipodi ndipo ndiye amene anayambitsa gulu lachipembedzo ku Palestina la zana loyamba. Izi zikuphatikiza maumboni omwe tili nawo ochokera kuzowonjezera zolembedwa, Abambo a Mpingo, ndi umboni wachindunji wa Paulo. Ndikumvetsetsa zambiri zomwe zitha kulembedwa pamutuwu, koma ndikuganiza iyi ndi poyambira kwabwino kwa omwe ali ndi chidwi (kutsutsana kwambiri ndi intaneti) pa mbiri yakale ya Yesu.