Shaman: tanthauzo, mbiri ndi zikhulupiriro

Mchitidwe wa shamananism umapezeka padziko lonse lapansi m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndipo umakhudza zauzimu zomwe zimachitika nthawi zambiri. Shaman nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi ulemu wolemekezeka mdera lake ndipo amachita mbali zofunika kwambiri za utsogoleri.

Shaman
"Shaman" ndi dzina wamba lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthropologists pofotokoza mndandanda waukulu wazikhalidwe ndi zikhulupiriro, zambiri zomwe zimakhudzana ndi kuwombeza, kulankhulana kwa uzimu komanso matsenga.
Chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zomwe zimapezeka muzochita zamashaman ndizakuti pamapeto pake zonse - ndi aliyense - ndizolumikizana.
Umboni wa machitidwe achi shamanic wapezeka ku Scandinavia, Siberia ndi madera ena ku Europe, komanso ku Mongolia, Korea, Japan, China ndi Australia. Mafuko a Inuit and First Nations aku North America adagwiritsa ntchito zauzimu zamakhrisitanti, komanso magulu ku South America, Mesoamerica ndi Africa.
Mbiri ndi Anthropology
Mawu oti shaman pawokha ali ndi zambiri. Pomwe anthu ambiri amamva mawu oti shaman ndipo nthawi yomweyo amaganiza za abambo am'mankhwala aku Native American, zinthu ndizovuta kwambiri kuposa pamenepo.

"Shaman" ndi dzina wamba lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthropologists pofotokoza mndandanda waukulu wazikhalidwe ndi zikhulupiriro, zambiri zomwe zimakhudzana ndi kuwombeza, kulankhulana kwa uzimu komanso matsenga. M'miyambo yambiri yachilengedwe, kuphatikiza koma osakhala ndi mafuko aku Native American, a shaman ndi munthu woyeneretsedwa bwino yemwe atha moyo wawo wonse kutsatira kuyitanidwa kwawo. Munthu samangodziyesa kuti ndi shaman; M'malo mwake ndiudindo woperekedwa pambuyo pophunzira zaka zambiri.

Maphunziro ndi maudindo m'deralo
M'miyambo ina, achifwamba nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi matenda omwe amafooketsa, olumala kapena wolemala kapena chinthu china chachilendo.

Mwa mitundu ina ya Borneo, hermaphrodites amasankhidwa kuti aphunzitse shamanic. Ngakhale zikhalidwe zambiri zikuwoneka kuti zimakonda abambo ngati achishaman, mwa zina sizinali zomveka kuti azimayi aphunzitsidwe kukhala achishish ndi ochiritsa. Wolemba Barbara Tedlock akuti mu Woman mu Thupi la Shaman: Kudzudzula Ukazi mu Chipembedzo ndi Mankhwala kuti umboni udapezeka kuti ma shamans oyamba omwe amapezeka nthawi ya Paleolithic ku Czech Republic anali azimayi.

M'mafuko aku Europe, azimayi amayenera kumachita masewera achizungu pafupi ndi amuna. Anthu ambiri achi Norse amalongosola ntchito zamkati za volva, kapena kuti wamayi wamkazi. M'masamba ambiri komanso edda, malongosoledwe a uneneriwo amayamba ndi mzere womwe nyimbo idamabwera, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti mawu omwe adatsata ndi a Mulungu, omwe adatumizidwa kudzera mwa volva ngati mthenga wa milungu. Mwa anthu a Celtic, nthano imati apachikulire asanu ndi anayi omwe amakhala pachilumba china cha m'mphepete mwa Breton anali akatswiri pantchito yolosera komanso kugwira ntchito zamanyazi.

M'buku lake la The Nature of Shamanism and the Shamanic Story, a Michael Berman amafotokoza zinthu zambiri zabodza zomwe zinalengedwa zamisala, kuphatikizapo lingaliro lakuti shaman ili ndi mizimu yomwe imagwira naye ntchito. Zowonadi, a Berman akuti a shaman nthawi zonse amakhala olamulira, chifukwa palibe fuko lachilendo lomwe lingavomereze shaman yemwe sangathe kuwongolera mizimu. Amati,

"Mkhalidwe wouziridwayo mwadala ungaoneke ngati chikhalidwe cha achi shaman komanso achinyengo achipembedzo omwe Eliade amawatcha aneneri, pomwe kulipira kwawoko kuli ngati dziko lopanda tanthauzo."

Umboni wa machitidwe achi shamanic wapezeka ku Scandinavia, Siberia ndi madera ena ku Europe, komanso ku Mongolia, Korea, Japan, China ndi Australia. Mafuko a Inuit and First Nations aku North America adagwiritsa ntchito zauzimu zamakhrisitanti, komanso magulu ku South America, Mesoamerica ndi Africa. Mwanjira ina, yapezeka mu zambiri zodziwika bwino padziko lapansi. Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti palibe umboni wowoneka bwino komanso wotsimikizika wolumikizana ndi shamanism ndi maiko a Celtic, Greek kapena Chilankhulo.

Masiku ano pali anthu achikunja angapo omwe amatsatira njira ya neo-shamanism. Nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizapo kugwira ntchito ndi totem kapena nyama zauzimu, kuyenda kwamaloto ndi kafukufuku wowoneka, kusinkhasinkha kwamalingaliro ndi kuyenda kwa astral. Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti zambiri zomwe zimagulitsidwa pano kuti "shamanism zamakono" sizofanana ndi machitidwe achi shamanic a anthu wamba. Cholinga cha izi ndizosavuta: shaman wachilengedwe, yemwe amapezeka mgulu laling'ono lakumidzi yakutali, amakhala womizidwa mchikhalidwe tsiku ndi tsiku, ndipo udindo wake monga shaman umafotokozedwa ndi zovuta zikhalidwe za gululi.

Michael Harner ndiwofukula zakale komanso woyambitsa wa Foundation for Shamanic Study, gulu lopanda phindu lomwe linadzipereka kuti lisunge miyambo ya shamanic ndi miyambo yolemera ya magulu ambiri azikhalidwe padziko lapansi. Ntchito ya Harner anayesera kubwezeretsanso shamanism kwa akatswiri amakono achikunja, kwinaku akulemekeza zoyambirira ndi zikhulupiriro. Ntchito ya Harner imalimbikitsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zamaimbidwe monga zida zoyambira za shamanism ndipo mu 1980 amafalitsa The Way of the Shaman: A Guide to Power and Healing. Bukuli limaonedwa ndi anthu ambiri ngati mlatho pakati pamakhalidwe azikhalidwe zachikhalidwe zamasiku ano za Neoshaman.

Zikhulupiriro ndi malingaliro

Kwa ma sham oyambirira, zikhulupiriro ndi machitidwe adapangidwa ngati yankho ku chosowa chachikulu chaumunthu chofuna kupeza chidziwitso ndikuwongolera zina pazachilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, kampani yosaka nyama imatha kupereka zopereka kwa mizimu yomwe imalimbikitsa kukula kwa ng'ombe kapena kuwolowa manja kwa nkhalango. Magulu abusawa atha kudalira milungu ndi milungu yomwe imayang'anira nyengo, kuti pakhale zokolola zambiri komanso ziweto zathanzi. Kenako anthu kudera la shaman adakhala ndi moyo wabwino.

Chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zomwe zimapezeka muzochita zamashaman ndizakuti pamapeto pake zonse - ndi aliyense - ndizolumikizana. Kuyambira kuzomera, mitengo mpaka miyala ndi nyama ndi matako, zinthu zonse ndi gawo limodzi. Kuphatikiza apo, chilichonse chimadzazidwa ndi mzimu wake, kapena moyo, ndipo chimatha kulumikizidwa pa ndege yopanda nyenyezi. Kuganiza motere kumapangitsa kuti a shaman azitha kuyenda pakati pa zolengedwa zenizeni zomwe zili zenizeni ndi zolengedwa zina, kuchita ngati cholumikizira.

Komanso, chifukwa chakutha kuyenda pakati pa dziko lathu ndi lauzimu lalikulupo, shaman amakhala munthu amene amauza maulosi ndi mauthenga okongola ndi iwo omwe angafunikire kuti awamve. Mauthenga awa akhoza kukhala chinthu chosavuta komanso cholunjika payekhapayekha, koma nthawi zambiri, ndizinthu zomwe zimakhudza gulu lonse. M'miyambo ina, a shaman amalumikizidwa kuti apange nzeru ndi kuwongolera zisanachitike mfundo zachikulire ndi okalamba. Shaman nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito maluso omwe amachititsa kuti asalandire masomphenya ndi mauthenga awa.

Pomaliza, asamu nthawi zambiri amakhala ochiritsa. Amatha kukonza matenda m'thupi mwakuthupi kapena kuwononga mzimu wake. Izi zitha kuchitidwa kudzera m'mapemphero osavuta kapena miyambo yophatikiza yovina ndi nyimbo. Popeza matendawa amakhulupirira kuti amachokera ku mizimu yoyipa, mwamunayo amagwira ntchito kuti achotse zinthu zoipa mthupi la munthu ndikuteteza munthuyo kuti asavulazenso.

Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti shamanism palokha siyachipembedzo; m'malo mwake, ndi mndandanda wa machitidwe auzimu abwino omwe amatsogozedwa ndi chikhalidwe chomwe chimakhalapo. Masiku ano anthu ambiri amachita zamatsenga ndipo chilichonse chimachita mwanjira yapadera ndi yofanana pagulu lawo komanso momwe amaonera dziko. M'malo ambiri, masiku ano ma sham akuchita nawo zandale ndipo nthawi zambiri amatenga mbali zazikulu zachitetezo, makamaka zomwe zimayang'ana pa chilengedwe.