Yogacara: sukulu ya malingaliro ozindikira

Yogacara ("yoga mazoezi") ndi nthambi ya filosofi ya Mahayana Buddhism yomwe idatulukira ku India m'zaka za XNUMX AD. Mphamvu zake zikuwonekeranso masiku ano m'masukulu ambiri achi Buddha, kuphatikizapo Tibetan, Zen ndi Shingon.

Yogacara amadziwikanso kuti Vijanavada, kapena Sukulu ya Vijnana chifukwa Yogacara amachita kwambiri zamtundu wa Vijnana komanso chikhalidwe chomwe akumana nacho. Vijnana ndi amodzi mwa mitundu itatu yamalingaliro yomwe idakambidwa m'malemba akale Achibuda monga Sutta-Pitaka. Vijnana nthawi zambiri amamasuliridwa mu Chingerezi kuti "kuzindikira", "kuzindikira" kapena "kudziwa". Ndi wachisanu pa Ma Skandhas asanu.

Zoyambira Yogacara
Ngakhale zina mwa magwero ake zidatayika, wolemba mbiri waku Britain Damien Keown akuti Yogacara mwina adalumikizidwa koyambirira kwa nthambi ya Gandhara ya kagulu kakale ka Abuda kotchedwa Sarvastivada. Omwe adayambitsa anali amonke otchedwa Asanga, Vasubandhu ndi Maitreyanatha, omwe akuganiziridwa kuti onse adalumikizana ndi Sarvastivada asadatembenuke ku Mahayana.

Omwe adayambitsa adawona Yogacara ngati chosintha cha malingaliro a Madhyamika chopangidwa ndi Nagarjuna, mwina m'zaka za zana la XNUMX AD. Amakhulupirira kuti Madhyamika adayandikira kwambiri ku nihilism pakugogomezera mopanda tanthauzo zazinthuzi, ngakhale kuti Nagarjuna mosagwirizana.

Otsatira a Madhyamika atsutsa a Yogacarin kuti amakhulupirira kwambiri kapena amakhulupirira kuti zina zenizeni zimayambitsa vutoli, ngakhale izi zikuwoneka ngati sizikufotokoza chiphunzitso choona cha Yogacara.

Kwa kanthawi, masukulu anzeru a Yogacara ndi Madhyamika anali adani. M'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chitatu, mawonekedwe osinthidwa a Yogacara amaphatikizika ndi Madhyamika osinthidwa, ndipo malingaliro ophatikizika lero amapanga gawo lalikulu la maziko a Mahayana.

Ziphunzitso zoyambirira za Yogacara
Yogacara sichinthu chovuta kumvetsetsa. Ophunzira ake apanga zitsanzo zamakedzana zomwe zimafotokozera momwe kuzindikira ndi momwe zimachitikira zimathandizira. Mitundu iyi imafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane momwe zolengedwa zimakhalira mdziko lapansi.

Monga tanena kale, Yogacara amakhudzidwa makamaka ndi mtundu wa vijnana ndi chikhalidwe chake. Munkhaniyi, titha kuganiza kuti vijnana ndimachitidwe amodzi mwa magawo asanu ndi amodzi (diso, khutu, mphuno, lilime, thupi, malingaliro) ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zisanu ndi chimodzi zofananira (chinthu chowoneka, mkokomo, kununkhira, chinthu chowoneka, komabe) ngati chinthu. Mwachitsanzo, kuzindikira kapena vijnana - kuwona - ali ndi diso ngati maziko komanso chowoneka ngati chinthu. Kukhazikika kwa malingaliro kumakhala ndi malingaliro (manas) monga maziko ndi lingaliro kapena lingaliro monga chinthu. Vijnana ndikuzindikira komwe kumafalitsa luso ndi chodabwitsa.

Kwa mitundu isanu ndi umodzi iyi ya vijnana, Yogacara adawonjeza ena awiri. Vijnana wachisanu ndi chiwiri ndi chidziwitso chonyenga kapena klista-manas. Chidziwitso chamtunduwu chimakhudza kulingalira kwakumunthu komwe kumabweretsa malingaliro odzikonda komanso kudzikuza. Kukhulupirira kudzipatula kosatha komwe kumachokera mu vijnana wachisanu ndi chiwiriyu.

Chidziwitso cha chisanu ndi chitatu, alaya-vijnana, nthawi zina chimatchedwa "chikumbumtima chikumbumtima". Vijnana iyi ili ndi tanthauzo lonse lazomwe zidachitika m'mbuyomu, zomwe zimakhala mbewu za karma.

Mwachidule, Yogacara amaphunzitsa kuti vijnana ndi zenizeni, koma zinthu zowunikira sizabodza. Zomwe timaganiza ngati zinthu zakunja ndizolengedwa za chikumbumtima. Pazifukwa izi, Yogacara nthawi zina amatchedwa sukulu "yokhazikika".

Zimagwira bwanji? Zomwe sizikuwunikiridwa zimapangidwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya vijnana, yomwe imatulutsa zochitika zaumwini, zokhazokha zokhazokha ndikumakwaniritsa zinthu zachinyengo pazowona. Pakuwunikiridwa, njira ziwiri zakuzindikira izi zimasinthidwa ndipo chidziwitso chotsimikizika chimatha kuzindikira zenizeni komanso mwachindunji.

Yogacara pochita
"Yoga" pankhaniyi ndi yoga yosinkhasinkha yomwe inali yofunika kuchita. Yogacara adalimbikitsanso machitidwe a Six Perfections.

Ophunzira a Yogacara adadutsa magawo anayi a chitukuko. Choyamba, wophunzirayo adaphunzira zomwe Yogacara amaphunzitsa kuti adziwe bwino. Kachiwiri, wophunzirayo amapita kupitilira malingaliro ndipo amatenga gawo khumi la chitukuko cha bodhisattva, chotchedwa bhumi. Mu lachitatu, wophunzirayo amaliza kudutsa magawo khumi ndikuyamba kuchotsa zodetsa. Wachinayi, mikangano yachotsedwa ndipo wophunzirayo azindikira kuyatsa.