UbuBhuda kunye nobungqingili
Abafazi abangamaBhuda, kubandakanya noonongendi, baye baphathwa kakubi ngocalulo oluvela kumaziko amaBuddha eAsia kangangeenkulungwane. Kukho ukungalingani ngokwesini uninzi lweenkolo zehlabathi, ewe, kodwa ayisosizathu sokwenza oko. Ngaba isini singena ngaphakathi kubuBuddha okanye amaziko amaBuddha athabathe isini kwinkcubeko yaseAsia? Ngaba ubuBuddha bunokuphatha abafazi njengabalinganayo kwaye bahlale bebuBuddha?
I-Buddha yeembali kunye noonongendi bokuqala
Masiqale kwasekuqaleni, kunye nembali kaBuddha. Ngokuka-Pali Vinaya kunye nezinye izibhalo zakuqala, uBuddha ekuqaleni wenqaba ukumisela abafazi njengoonongendi. Uthe ukuvumela abantu basetyhini ukuba bangene kwisangha kuyakusinda kuphela kwiimfundiso zakhe kangangesiqingatha seminyaka engama-500 endaweni ye-1.000.
Umzala kaBuddha uAnanda wabuza ukuba ngaba sikhona na isizathu sokuba abantu basetyhini bangakwazi ukuqonda kwaye bangene eNirvana njengamadoda. UBuddha wavuma ukuba kwakungekho sizathu sokuba umfazi angakhanyiswa. Abasetyhini, u-Ananda, emva kokuba ekwazi ukuziqonda, bayakwazi ukuqonda iziqhamo zokufikelela ekuhambeni okanye iziqhamo zembuyekezo okanye isiqhamo sokungabuyisi okanye arahant, utshilo.
Eli libali, nangona kunjalo. Abanye ababhali-mbali bathi eli bali yayiyinto ebhaliweyo ebhalwe kwizibhalo kamva, ngumshicileli ongaziwayo. U-Ananda wayesengumntwana xa oonongendi bokuqala babemiselwa, ngenxa yoko ngekhe akwazi ukucebisa uBuddha.
Izibhalo zokuqala zikwatsho ukuba abanye babafazi ababengabongikazi bokuqala bakaBuddha badunyiswa nguBuddha ngobulumko babo kunye nolwazi oluninzi lwenziwe.
Imigaqo engafanelekanga yoonongendi
IVinaya-pitaka irekhoda imigaqo yoqobo yoqeqesho lweemonki kunye noonongendi. Ibhikkuni (nun) inemithetho ukongeza kuleyo inikwe ibhikku (monk). Eyona ibalulekileyo kule mithetho ibizwa ngokuba ngu-Otto Garudhammas ("imithetho enzima"). Oku kubandakanya ukuthobela ngokupheleleyo kwiimonki; Oonongendi abadala kufuneka bathathelwe ingqalelo "njengabancinci" kwimonki yosuku olunye.
Abanye abaphengululi bakhomba ukungangqinelani phakathi kwe-Pali Bhikkuni Vinaya (icandelo le-Pali Canon ejongene nemithetho yoonongendi) kunye nezinye iinguqulelo zeetekisi kwaye bacebisa ukuba imithetho eyonyanyekayo yongezwa emva kokufa kukaBuddha. Naphi na apho bavela khona, ukutyhubela iinkulungwane imigaqo yayisetyenziswa kwiindawo ezininzi zaseAsia ukukhusela abafazi ekumiselweni.
Xa uninzi loonongendi lafa kwiinkulungwane ezadlulayo, abo babesebenzisa iindlela zononophelo basebenzisa imithetho efuna ubukho boonongendi noonongendi ukumisela oonongendi ukuthintela abafazi ekumiselweni. Ukuba abekho oonongendi abaphilayo, ngokwemigaqo, akunakubakho malungiselelo oonongendi. Oku kugqibe ngempumelelo ukumiselwa ngokupheleleyo koonongendi kwii-oda zeTheravada zoMzantsi-mpuma weAsia; Abasetyhini banokuba zii-novice kuphela. Kwaye akukho myalelo woonongendi owakhe wasekwa kwi-Tibetan Buddhism, nangona kukho ezinye i-lamas zaseTibetan.
Kukho, nangona kunjalo, ulungelelwano lwabathengi bakaMahayana eChina naseTaiwan abanokuthi balande umrhumo wabo wokumiselwa kokuqala koonongendi. Abanye abantu basetyhini bamiselwe njengabazala boonongendi beTravada phambi kwaba manenekazi eMahayana, nangona oku kuyimpikiswano enkulu kwimiyalelo ethile yoonobumba abakhulu be-Theravada.
Nangona kunjalo, abafazi banempembelelo kuBuddha. Ndixelelwe ukuba oonongendi baseTaiwan banandipha inqanaba eliphezulu kwilizwe labo kuneenkosi. Isiko le-Zen likwanabafundisi-ntsapho ababhinqileyo baseZen kwimbali yabo.
Ngaba abafazi banokungena eNirvana?
Iimfundiso zamaBhuda ekukhanyeni kwabafazi ziyaphikisana. Akukho gunya leziko elithetha ngayo yonke iBuddhism. Izikolo ezininzi namahlelo awahambi ngendlela efanayo; Iitekisi ezisentloko kwezinye izikolo azibonwa njengezinyanisekileyo zezinye. Kwaye izibhalo azivumelani.
Umzekelo, eyona inkulu ye-Sukhavati-vyuha Sutra, ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-Aparimitayur Sutra, yenye yeesutras ezintathu ezibonelela ngeziseko zesikolo soMhlaba oMileyo. Le sutra iqulethe isicatshulwa esiguqulelwa ngokuthe ngqo kwisimo sokuba abafazi kufuneka bazalwe ngokutsha bengamadoda ngaphambi kokuba bangene eNirvana. Olu luvo luvela amaxesha ngamaxesha kwezinye izibhalo zeMahayana, nangona ndingazi ukuba ikwiPali Canon.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iVimalakirti Sutra ifundisa ukuba ubungqingili kunye nobufazi, njengolunye ulwahlulo oluqhelekileyo, kubaluleke kakhulu. "Ngale nto engqondweni, uBuddha wathi," Kuyo yonke into, akukho ndoda okanye mfazi ". IVimilakirti ngumbhalo obalulekileyo kwizikolo ezininzi zaseMahayana, kubandakanya iTibetan kunye neZen Buddhism.
"Wonke umntu ufumana iDharma ngendlela efanayo"
Ngaphandle kwezithintelo ezichasene nabo, kuyo yonke imbali yamaBuddhist, abafazi abaninzi bafumene imbeko yokuqonda kwabo dharma.
Sele ndikhankanyile iinkosi zeZen zabasetyhini. Ngexesha lobudala begolide be-Ch'an (Zen) Buddhism (China, nge-7th-9th century) abafazi bafunda nootitshala abangamadoda, kwaye abanye babonwa njengeendlalifa ze-Dharma kunye neenkosi ze-Ch'an. Oku kubandakanya uLiu Tiemo, obizwa ngokuba yi "Iron Grindstone"; UMoshan; kunye neMiaoxin. UMoshan wayengutitshala weemonki noonongendi.
U-Eihei Dogen (1200-1253) wazisa uSoto Zen wase China esiya eJapan kwaye yenye yezona nkosi zihloniphekileyo kwimbali yeZen. Kwinkcazo ebizwa ngokuba nguRaihai Tokuzui, u-Dogen wathi, "Ekufumaneni i-dharma, wonke umntu ufumana i-dharma ngendlela efanayo. Wonke umntu kufuneka ahloniphe kwaye aqwalasele abo bafumene i-dharma. Musa ukubuza ukuba yindoda okanye ngumfazi. Lo ngowona mthetho ungummangaliso webuddha-dharma. "
UbuBhuda namhlanje
Namhlanje, abafazi baseBuddhist eNtshona bayijonga ngokwabelana ngesondo njengezambatho zenkcubeko yaseAsia ezinokuthi zisuswe ngonyango lwe-dharma. Eminye imiyalo yasentshona ye-monastic idityaniswa, kunye nabesilisa nabasetyhini abalandela imithetho efanayo.
E-Asiya, iiodolo zoodade basebenzela iimeko ezingcono kunye nemfundo, kodwa kumazwe amaninzi kusafuneka behambe. Iinkulungwane zocalucalulo azinakupheliswa ngokukhawuleza. Ukulingana kuya kuba ngumzabalazo kwezinye izikolo nakwiinkcubeko kunakwamanye, kodwa kukho umfutho oya ekulinganeni kwaye andisiboni isizathu sokuba loo mzuzu ungaqhubeki.