UbuBuddha: yintoni ekufuneka uyazi malunga neenkosi ezingamaBuddhist
Inkosi eyi-Buddhist engu-Buddhist eyambethe iorenji iyeyona nto iphambili eNtshona. Iingxelo zamva nje zeemonki ezinobundlobongela baseBuddha eBurma zibonisa ukuba abasoloko bezolile. Kwaye ayinguye wonke umntu onxiba iimpahla zeorenji. Abanye babo abade batye imifuno abahlala kwizindlu zoonongendi.
Umonki ongumBhuda yibhiksu (iSanskrit) okanye ibhikkhu (pali), ndiyakholelwa ukuba igama elithi pali lisetyenziswa rhoqo. Kubhengezwe (phantse) i-bi-KOO. I-Bhikkhu ithetha into efana "nomngqibi".
Nangona uBuddha ongokwembali wayebeke abafundi, ubuBuddha bokuqala babebambekile. Ukususela kwiziseko zeBuddhism i-monastic sangha iyeyona nto iphambili egcine ingqibelelo yedharma kwaye yayidlulisela kwizizukulwana ezitsha. Kangangeenkulungwane iimonki zazingootitshala, izifundiswa nabefundisi.
Ngokungafaniyo neemonki ezininzi zamaKristu, i-bhikkhu okanye i-bhikkhuni (nun) emiselweyo ngokufanayo nayo ilingana nomfundisi kwi-Buddhism. Jonga "Buddhist vs Christian Monasticism" ukuthelekisa ngakumbi phakathi kweemonki zamaKristu nezamaBuddhist.
Ukusekwa kwesiko lomnombo
Umyalelo wokuqala we-bhikkhus kunye ne-bhikkhunis wasekwa ngu-Buddha. Ngokwesiko lamaBuddha, kwakungekho msitho wokumiselwa ngokusesikweni ekuqaleni. Kodwa njengoko inani labafundi lisanda, uBuddha wamkela iinkqubo ezingqongqo, ngakumbi xa abantu babemiselwa ngabafundi abaphezulu xa uBuddha engekho.
Elinye lawona magatya abaluleke kakhulu enziwa kuBuddha yayikukuba ibhikkhus emiselweyo ngokupheleleyo yayizakubakho ekumiselweni kwe-bhikkhus kunye nokumiselwa ngokupheleleyo kwe-bhikkhus kunye ne-bhikkhunis kulungiselelo lwe-bhikkhunis. Ukuba yenziwe, oku kungadala umgca ongaphulwanga kumalungiselelo abuyela emva kuBuddha.
Lo mgaqo wadala isithethe somnombo ohlonishwayo-okanye hayi-ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje. Ayizizo zonke iiodolo zabefundisi kwiBuddhism abathi bahlala kwisithethe somnombo, kodwa abanye bahlala.
Ubuninzi beTheravada Buddhism kucingelwa ukuba igcina umgca ongapheliyo we-bhikkhus kodwa hayi i-bhikkhunis, ke kuninzi lwabasetyhini be-Southeast Asia banqatshelwe ukumiselwa okupheleleyo kuba akusekho bhikkhunis imiselwe ngokupheleleyo ukuya kummiselo. Kukho ingxaki efanayo kwiBuddhism yaseTibetan kuba kubonakala ngathi umgca weBhikkhuni awuzange udluliselwe kwiTibet.
IVinaya
Imithetho yemiyalelo yeemonki enikezelwe kuBuddha igcinwe eVinaya okanye eVinaya-pitaka, enye yeebhasikithi ezintathu zeTipitaka. Njengoko kuhlala kunjalo, nangona kunjalo, kukho inguqulelo engaphezulu kwesinye seVinaya.
AmaBuddha aseTheravada alandela iPali Vinaya. Ezinye izikolo zaseMahayana zilandela ezinye iinguqu ezigcinwe kwamanye amahlelo obuBhuda. Kwaye ezinye izikolo, ngenxa yezizathu ezithile, azisalandeli naluphi na uhlobo olupheleleyo lweVinaya.
Umzekelo, iVinaya (zonke iinguqulelo, ndiyakholelwa) zifuna iimonki noonongendi ukuba bangatshati ngokupheleleyo. Kodwa ngenkulungwane ye-19, umlawuli wase-Japan warhoxisa ukungatshati kubukhosi bakhe kwaye wayalela iimonki ukuba zitshate. Namhlanje imonki yaseJapan kulindeleke ukuba itshate kwaye ibe nootata abancinci.
Amanqanaba amabini oku-odola
Emva kokubhubha kukaBuddha, sangha ye-monastic yamkela imithendeleko emibini eyahlukeneyo. Eyokuqala luhlobo loku-odola kwabaqalayo oluhlala lubizwa ngokuba "kukushiya ikhaya" okanye "ukuphuma". Ngokwesiqhelo, umntwana kufuneka abe neminyaka esi-8 ubuncinci ukuba abe ngumfundi wokuqala
Xa i-novice ifikelela kwiminyaka engama-20, unokucela ukulungiswa ngokupheleleyo. Ngokubanzi, iimfuno zookhokho ezichazwe apha ngasentla zisebenza kuphela ukugcwalisa ii-odolo, hayi ii-odolo zokuqala. Uninzi lweodolo lweemonki lobuBuddha luye lwagcina uhlobo oluthile lwenkqubo yokumiselwa kwamacala amabini.
Akukho namnye kulungelelwaniso olunyanzelekileyo ukuba ube kukuzibophelela kubomi bonke. Ukuba nabani na unqwenela ukubuyela aze kubeka ubomi, unokwenjenjalo. Umzekelo, u-6 uDalai Lama wakhetha ukulahla ukumiselwa kwakhe kwaye aphile njengomntu oqhelekileyo, kodwa wayesenguye uDalai Lama.
Kumazwe aseTheravadin akumazantsi mpuma eAsia, kukho isithethe esidala sabantwana abafikisayo abathatha ulwalathiso lwabaqalayo kwaye bahlala njengeemonki ixesha elifutshane, ngamanye amaxesha kuphela iintsuku ezimbalwa, emva koko babuyela ekubekeni ubomi.
Ubomi boonongendi nomsebenzi
Imiyalelo yase-monastic yoqobo yacela ukutya kwabo kwaye bachitha ixesha labo elininzi ekucamngceni nasekufundeni. I-Theravada Buddhism iyaqhubeka nesiko. I-Bhikkhus ixhomekeke kwizibonelelo zokuphila. Kumazwe amaninzi aseTravada, oonoteksi be-novice abangenathemba lokumiselwa ngokupheleleyo banokuba ngabalawuli beenkosi.
Xa ubuBuddha bafikelela eTshayina, iimonki zazifumana zikwinkcubeko engavumiyo ukungqiba. Ngesi sizathu, izindlu zoonongendi zaseMahayana ziye zanakho ukuzimela ngokwaneleyo, kwaye imisebenzi yasekhaya - ukupheka, ukucoca, ukwenza igadi- ziyinxalenye yoqeqesho lweemonki hayi nje ii-novice.
Kumaxesha anamhlanje, ayisiyonto ingaqhelekanga ukuba ibhikkhus kunye nebhikkhunis emiselweyo ukuba zihlale ngaphandle kwendwendwe kwaye zibambe imisebenzi. E-Japan nakwiminye imiyalelo ye-Tibet, banokuhlala kunye neqabane kunye nabantwana.
Malunga neempahla
Iingubo zeBuddhist zeemonki ziza ngemibala emininzi, ukusuka kumlilo weorenji, imaron kunye nephuzi, kumnyama. Beza ngeendlela ezininzi. Inombolo yegxalaba leorenji yeemonki ibonakala kuphela kuMazantsi mpuma eAsia.