Ngubani owabhala iKoran kwaye nini?
Amagama eKoran aqokelelwa njengoko abhengezwa kumprofeti uMuhammad, enziwa ngenkumbulo ngamaSilamsi okuqala kwaye abhalwa phantsi ngababhali.
Phantsi kweliso lomprofeti uMuhammad
Njengoko i-Quran ityhilekileyo, umprofeti uMuhammad wenza amalungiselelo akhethekileyo okuqinisekisa ukuba ayabhalwa. Nangona umprofeti uMuhammad wayengakwazi ukufunda nokubhala, wayalela ezo ndinyana ngomlomo kwaye wayalela ababhali ukuba babhale phantsi isityholo kuyo nayiphi na into ekhoyo: amasebe omthi, amatye, isikhumba kunye namathambo. Ababhali ke babefunda incwadi yabo kuMprofeti, lowo ebeya kubajonga ngeempazamo. Ngendinyana nganye entsha eveziweyo, umprofeti uMuhammad uxele ukubekwa kwakhe ngaphakathi komzimba okhulayo wezicatshulwa.
Xa umprofeti uMuhammad waswelekayo, iKoran ibibhalwe ngokupheleleyo. Nangona kunjalo, yayingekho kwimo yencwadi. Yayirekhodwa kwimisongo nakwizixhobo ezahlukeneyo, ezaziphathwe njengabaProfeti bakaMprofeti.
Phantsi kweliso likaCaliph Abu Bakr
Emva kokusweleka komprofeti uMuhammad, yonke iQuran yaqhubeka nokukhunjulwa ezintliziyweni zamaSilamsi okuqala. Amakhulu amaqabane okuqala oMprofeti ayeyikhumbule yonke le nto ityhilwe, kwaye amaSilamsi acengceleza iinxalenye ezinkulu zesicatshulwa kwimemori yonke imihla. Uninzi lwamaSilamsi okuqala babenazo iikopi ezibhaliweyo zeQur'an ezibhaliweyo kwizinto ezahlukeneyo.
Kwiminyaka elishumi emva kweHijrah (632 AD), uninzi lwababhali abangamaSilamsi kunye nabazinikeleyo kwangoko babulawa kumlo waseYamama. Ngelixa uluntu lwalusentlungwini yokulahleka kwabahlobo babo, baqala ukukhathazeka malunga nokugcinwa kwexesha elide kweQuran eNgcwele. Ukuqonda ukuba amazwi ka-Allah kufuneka aqokelelwe kwindawo enye kwaye agcinwe, uCaliph Abu Bakr wayalela bonke abantu ababhale amaphepha eQur'an ukuba bawagcwalise endaweni enye. Le projekthi yahlelwa kwaye yajongwa ngomnye wababhali abaphambili bomprofeti uMuhammad, uZayd bin Thabit.
Inkqubo yokuqulunqa iKoran kula maphepha ahlukeneyo abhaliweyo yenziwa ngokwamanqanaba amane:
UZayd bin Thabit uqinisekise iivesi nganye ngememori yakhe.
Umar ibn Al-Khattab uqinisekisile yonke iivesi. Omabini la madoda ayeyicengceleze yonke iQuran.
Amangqina amabini athembekileyo kwakufuneka anike ubungqina bokuba ezi ndinyana zabhalwa phambi komprofeti uMuhammad.
Iivesi ezibhaliweyo ezingqinisisiweyo zaqokelelwa kunye nokuqokelelwa kwamanye amaqabane.
Le ndlela yokutshekisha-ukujonga nokuqinisekisa kwimithombo engaphezulu kwesinye yamkelwe ngononophelo olukhulu. Injongo yayikukulungiselela uxwebhu olucwangcisiweyo apho uluntu lonke lwalunokuluqinisekisa, lwamkele kwaye lusebenzise njengobutyebi xa lufuneka.
Lo mbhalo upheleleyo weQur'an wabanjwa ngumnini ka-Abu Bakr emva koko wadlulisela kwikhalifa elandelayo, u-Umar ibn Al-Khattab. Emva kokubhubha kwakhe, banikwa intombi yakhe uHafsah (owayekwangumhlolokazi nomprofeti uMuhammad).
Phantsi kweliso likaCaliph Uthman bin Affan
Njengoko ubuSilamsi baqala ukusasazeka kwiPennsylvania yeArabia, abantu abangakumbi bangena kwisango lamaSilamsi bakude njengePersi neByzantine. Uninzi lwala maSilamsi lutsha lwalungezizo izithethi zomthonyama ezingama-Arabhu okanye babethetha ngendlela eyahlukileyo yama-Arabhu kwizizwe zaseMecca naseMadina. Abantu baqala ukuphikisana malunga nokuba zeziphi izivakalisi ezichanekileyo. UCaliph Uthman bin Affan wazithathela kuye ukuba aqinisekise ukuba uphononongo lweKurani sisibizimigama esisemthethweni.
Inyathelo lokuqala yayikukuboleka ikopi yokuqala, eqokelelweyo yeQur'an kwiHafsah. Ikomiti yababhali abangamaSilamsi bokuqala yayalelwa ukuba yenze ikopi yokuqala kunye nokuqinisekisa ukulandelelana kwezahluko (sura). Xa ezi kopi zifezekileyo zigqityiwe, u-Uthman bin Affan wayalela ukuba kutshintshwe yonke imibhalo ebhaliweyo, ukuze zonke iikopi zelizwe le-Korani zilingane.
Zonke iiKoran ezifumanekayo namhlanje kwihlabathi ziyafana ngqo nohlobo lwe-Uthmani, olwagqitywa ngaphantsi kweminyaka engamashumi amabini emva kokusweleka komprofeti uMuhammad.
Emva koko, lukhona uphuculo oluncinci olwenziwe ekubhaleni isiArabhu (ukongezwa kwamachaphaza emifanekiso kunye namanqaku) ukwenza lula ukufundwa ngabangengoma-Arabhu. Nangona kunjalo, isicatshulwa seQur'an sahlala sinjalo.