ICoronavirus: ngubani oza kuqala ukufumana isitofu? Ingaba iza kubiza malini?
Ukuba okanye xa izazinzulu ziphumelela ukwenza isitofu sokugonya i-coronavirus, akusayi kukwanela ukujikeleza.
Iilebhu zophando kunye neenkampani ezixuba amayeza ziphinda zibhale imigaqo malunga nokuba kuthatha ixesha elingakanani ukuphuhlisa, ukuvavanya kunye nokuvelisa isitofu sokugonya esisebenzayo.
Amanyathelo angazange abonwe ngaphambili ayathathwa ukuqinisekisa ukuba isitofu sokugonya sisasazwa kwihlabathi liphela. Kodwa kukho uloyiko lokuba ugqatso lokufumana ugqatso luya koyiswa ngamazwe atyebileyo, nto leyo eyingozi kwabona basengozini.
Ke ngubani oza kuyifumana kuqala, iya kuba yimalini kwaye, kwingxaki yehlabathi, siqinisekisa njani ukuba akukho mntu ushiyekileyo?
Izitofu zokugonya ukulwa nezifo ezosulelayo zikholisa ukuthatha iminyaka ukuphuhla, ukuvavanywa kunye nokusasazwa. Nangona kunjalo, impumelelo yabo ayiqinisekiswanga.
Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, sisinye kuphela isifo esosulelayo esiye sapheliswa ngokupheleleyo - ingqakaqha - kwaye yathatha iminyaka engama-200.
Okuseleyo – ukusuka kwipoliyo ukuya kwi<em>tetanus, imasisi, uqwilikana kunye nesifo sephepha – siphila okanye singenayo, ngenxa yogonyo.
Singalindela nini isitofu sokugonya se-coronavirus?
Uvavanyo olubandakanya amawaka abantu sele luqhuba ukubona ukuba leliphi na isitofu esinokukhusela kwi-Covid-19, isifo sokuphefumla esibangelwa yi-coronavirus.
Inkqubo ehlala ithatha iminyaka emihlanu ukuya kwe-10, ukusuka kuphando ukuya ekuhanjisweni, iyancitshiswa ibe ziinyanga. Ngeli xesha, imveliso yandisiwe, abatyali-zimali kunye nabavelisi bebeka umngcipheko weebhiliyoni zeedola ukuze balungele ukuvelisa isitofu sokugonya esisebenzayo.
I-Russia ithi amalingo ogonyo lwe-Sputnik-V abonise iimpawu zokusabela komzimba kwizigulana kwaye ugonyo oluninzi luza kuqala ngo-Okthobha. I-China ibanga ukuba yenze isitofu sokugonya esiyimpumelelo esenziwa ukuba sifumaneke kubasebenzi bayo basemkhosini. Kodwa iinkxalabo ziye zaphakanyiswa malunga nesantya eziveliswe ngaso zombini izitofu zokugonya.
Kwaye abekho kuluhlu lweWorld Health Organisation yezitofu ezifikelele kwisigaba sesithathu solingo lwezonyango, isigaba esibandakanya uvavanyo oluxhaphake kakhulu ebantwini.
Abanye baba bagqatswa baphambili banethemba lokuphumelela ukuvunywa kwesitofu sokugonya ukuphela konyaka, nangona i-WHO ithe ayilindelanga lugonyo oluxhaphakileyo oluchasene ne-Covid-19 kude kube phakathi ku-2021.
Umenzi wamachiza waseBhritane u-AstraZeneca, onelayisensi yokugonya yeYunivesithi yaseOxford, yongeza amandla ayo okuvelisa kwihlabathi kwaye uvumile ukubonelela ngeedosi ezizizigidi ezili-100 e-UK kuphela kwaye mhlawumbi iibhiliyoni ezimbini kwihlabathi liphela- ukuba ingaba iphumelele. Ulingo lweklinikhi lwanqunyanyiswa kule veki emva kokuba umthathi-nxaxheba ebenokukrokreleka ukusabela okungalunganga e-UK.
I-Pfizer kunye ne-BioNTech, abathi batyale imali engaphezulu kwe-1 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kwinkqubo yabo ye-Covid-19 ukuphuhlisa isitofu sokugonya se-mRNA, balindele ukuba balungele ukufuna uhlobo oluthile lwemvume yolawulo kwangoko ngo-Okthobha walo nyaka.
Ukuba kuvunyiwe, oku kuya kuthetha ukuvelisa ukuya kuthi ga kwi-100 lezigidi zeedosi ekupheleni kuka-2020 kwaye kunokubakho ngaphezulu kwe-1,3 yezigidigidi zeedosi ekupheleni kuka-2021.
Kukho malunga ne-20 ezinye iinkampani zoxubo mayeza ezinolingo oluqhubekayo lwekliniki.
Ayizizo zonke eziya kuphumelela – ngokwesiqhelo kuphela malunga ne-10% yolingo lwesitofu esiyimpumelelo. Ithemba lelokuba ingqwalasela yehlabathi, izivumelwano ezintsha kunye nenjongo efanayo iya kuphucula iingxaki ngeli xesha.
Kodwa nokuba esinye sezi zitofu zokugonya siphumelele, ukusilela kwangoko kucacile.
Ulingo lwesitofu sokugonya saseOxford lunqunyanyisiwe xa umthathi-nxaxheba egula
Sisondele kangakanani ekuphuhliseni isitofu sokugonya?
Ukuthintela ubuzwe ngesitofu sokugonya
Oorhulumente bakhusela ukubheja kwabo ekukhuseleni izitofu zokugonya ezinokubakho, benza izivumelwano ngezigidi zeedosi kunye nenani labagqatswa ngaphambi kokuba nantoni na iqinisekiswe ngokusemthethweni okanye ivunywe.
Urhulumente wase-UK, umzekelo, utyikitye izivumelwano zeemali ezingachazwanga kwizitofu zokugonya ezinokuthi ziphumelele okanye zingaphumeleli.
I-United States inethemba lokukhusela i-300 yezigidi zeedosi ngoJanuwari ukusuka kwinkqubo yotyalo-mali ukukhawulezisa isitofu sokugonya esiyimpumelelo. Amaziko aseMelika oLawulo lweSifo kunye noThintelo (CDC) sele ecebise amazwe ukuba alungiselele ukukhutshwa kogonyo kwangoko nge-1 kaNovemba.
Kodwa asingawo onke amazwe akwaziyo ukwenza okufanayo.
Imibutho enje ngooGqirha ngaphandle kwemida, ehlala ikwimigca engaphambili yezixhobo zokugonya, ithi ukwenza izivumelwano kwangaphambili neenkampani zamayeza kudala “umkhwa oyingozi wokugonya ubuzwe kwicala lamazwe atyebileyo”.
Oku kunciphisa unikezelo lwehlabathi olufumanekayo kwabona basengozini kumazwe ahlwempuzekileyo.
Kwixesha elidlulileyo, ixabiso lezitofu zokugonya ezisindisa ubomi lishiye amazwe esokola ukugonya abantwana ngokupheleleyo kwizifo ezifana ne-meningitis, umzekelo.
UGq Mariângela Simão, uSekela Mlawuli-Jikelele we-WHO onoxanduva lokufikelela kumayeza kunye neemveliso zempilo, uthi kufuneka siqinisekise ukuba isitofu sokugonya silawulwa.
"Umceli mngeni uya kuba kukuqinisekisa ukufikelela ngokulinganayo, ukuba onke amazwe ayakwazi ukufikelela, hayi nje lawo anokuhlawula kakhulu."
Ngaba likhona iqela elisebenzayo lehlabathi lokugonya?
I-WHO isebenza neqela lokusabela ubhubhane, i-Cepi, kunye ne-Vaccine Alliance yoorhulumente nemibutho, eyaziwa njenge-Gavi, ukuzama ukulinganisa ibala lokudlala.
Ubuncinci amazwe angama-80 atyebileyo kunye noqoqosho, ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, atyikitye isicwangciso sogonyo sehlabathi esaziwa ngokuba yiCovax, esijolise ekunyuseni i-2 yeebhiliyoni zeedola (iibhiliyoni ezi-1,52 zeedola) ekupheleni kuka-2020 ukunceda ukuthenga nokusasaza iyeza ngokulinganayo kwihlabathi liphela. . I-United States, efuna ukushiya i-WHO, ayikho enye yazo.
Ngokudibanisa izixhobo e-Covax, abathathi-nxaxheba banethemba lokuqinisekisa ukuba amazwe angama-92 anengeniso ephantsi, kwi-Afrika iphela, e-Asia naseLatin America, akwanakho ukufikelela “okukhawulezayo, ngokufanelekileyo nangokulinganayo” kugonyo lwe-Covid-19.
Eli ziko linceda ukuxhasa ngemali uluhlu lwemisebenzi yophando lwesitofu kunye nophuhliso kwaye lixhasa abavelisi ekwandiseni imveliso apho kuyimfuneko.
Ngokuba nepotifoliyo enkulu yolingo lokugonya olubhalisiweyo kwinkqubo yabo, banethemba lokuba ibenye iya kuphumelela ukuze bakwazi ukuhambisa iidosi ezimbini zeebhiliyoni zezitofu ezikhuselekileyo nezisebenzayo ekupheleni kuka-2021.
“Ngogonyo lwe-COVID-19 sifuna izinto zahluke,” utshilo umphathi weGavi uGqirha Seth Berkley. "Ukuba awona mazwe atyebileyo ehlabathi akhuselweyo, urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe, urhwebo kunye noluntu ngokubanzi luya kuqhubeka nokubethwa kanobom njengoko ubhubhane uqhubeka ugquba kwihlabathi liphela."
Ingaba iza kubiza malini?
Njengoko iibhiliyoni zeedola zityalwe kuphuhliso lwesitofu sokugonya, izigidi ezingaphezulu zithembise ukuthenga nokubonelela ngesitofu sokugonya.
Amaxabiso ngedosi nganye axhomekeke kuhlobo lwesitofu sokugonya, umenzi kunye nenani leedosi ezi-odolweyo. Inkampani yamayeza iModerna, umzekelo, ithengisa ukufikelela kwisitofu sokugonya esinokubakho ngedosi ephakathi kwe-32 yeedola kunye ne-37 yeedola (i-£24 ukuya kwi-£28).
I-AstraZeneca, nangona kunjalo, ithe izakubonelela ngogonyo "ngexabiso" - okuthetha iidola ezimbalwa ngedosi nganye - ngexesha lo bhubhani.
Iziko leSerum laseIndiya (SSI), elona shishini likhulu lokugonya emhlabeni ngomthamo, lixhaswa yi-150 yezigidi zeedola ukusuka kwiGavi kunye neBill & Melinda Gates Foundation ukuvelisa kunye nokubonelela ngeedosi ezifikelela kwi-100 lezigidi zezitofu zokugonya ze-Covid-19 eziphumelele eIndiya kwaye ziphantsi. - kunye namazwe anengeniso ephakathi. Bathi ixabiso eliphezulu liya kuba yi-$ 3 (£ 2,28) ngedosi nganye.
Kodwa izigulane ezifumana isitofu sokugonya akunakwenzeka ukuba zihlawuliswe kwiimeko ezininzi.
E-UK, ukuhanjiswa kobuninzi kuya kwenzeka ngenkonzo yezempilo ye-NHS. Oogqirha abangabafundi kunye nabongikazi, oogqirha bamazinyo kunye nezilwanyana banokuqeqeshwa ukuxhasa abasebenzi abakhoyo be-NHS ekulawuleni i-jab en masse. Uthethwano lusaqhubeka ngoku.
Amanye amazwe, anje ngeOstreliya, athe azakubonelela ngeedosi zasimahla kubemi bawo.
Abantu abafumana izitofu zokugonya ngemibutho yoncedo - i-cog ebalulekileyo kwivili lokusasazwa kwehlabathi - abayi kuhlawuliswa.
E-United States, ngelixa ukudubula kunokuba simahla, ababoneleli bezempilo banokuhlawulisa ngokulawula ukudubula, beshiya abantu baseMelika abangakhuselwanga abanokujongana netyala lokugonya.
Ngubani ke oyifumana kuqala?
Nangona iinkampani ezixuba amayeza ziza kuvelisa isitofu sokugonya, azinakugqiba ukuba ngubani oza kugonywa kuqala.
"Umbutho okanye ilizwe ngalinye kuya kufuneka limisele ukuba ligonya bani kuqala kwaye liyenza njani," uMhlekazi uMene Pangalos - uSekela Mongameli oLawulayo we-AstraZeneca - uxelele i-BBC.
Kuba unikezelo lokuqala luza kunqongophala, ukunciphisa ukufa kunye nokukhusela iinkqubo zempilo kunokwenzeka ukuba zithathe indawo yokuqala.
Isicwangciso se-Gavi siqikelela ukuba amazwe asayinwe kwi-Covax, nokuba ngaba ingeniso ephezulu okanye ephantsi, iya kufumana i-dose eyaneleyo ye-3% yabemi bawo, eya kuba yanele ukugubungela impilo kunye nabasebenzi bezenhlalakahle.
Njengoko ugonyo oluninzi luveliswa, ulwabiwo lonyuswa ukugubungela i-20% yabemi, ngeli xesha libeka phambili ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-65 kunye namanye amaqela asemngciphekweni.
Emva kokuba wonke umntu efumene i-20%, isitofu sokugonya siya kusasazwa ngokwezinye iindlela, ezinje ngokuba sesichengeni selizwe kunye nosoyikiso olukhawulezileyo lwe-Covid-19.
Amazwe anikwe de kube ngoSeptemba 18 ukuba azibophelele kule nkqubo kwaye enze iintlawulo zangaphambili ngo-Oktobha 9. Uthethwano lusaqhuba malunga neminye imiba emininzi yenkqubo yolwabiwo.
“Ekuphela kwento eqinisekileyo kukuba akusayi kwanela – okuseleyo kusesemoyeni,” utshilo uGqr. Simao.
UGavi ugxininisa ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba abatyebileyo banokucela iidosi ezaneleyo zokugonya phakathi kwe-10-50% yabemi babo, kodwa akukho lizwe liya kufumana iidosi ezaneleyo zokugonya ngaphezulu kwe-20% ade onke amazwe akwiqela anikwe le mali.
UGqr Berkley uthi isithinteli esincinci esimalunga ne-5% yenani lilonke ledosi ekhoyo iya kubanjelwa ecaleni, "ukwakha isitokhwe sokunceda kuqhambuko olukhulu kunye nokuxhasa imibutho yoluntu, umzekelo ukugonya iimbacu ezinokuthi zingakwazi ukufikelela" .
Isitofu sokugonya esifanelekileyo sinokuninzi ekufuneka siphile ngako. Kufuneka kube lula. Kufuneka ivelise ukhuseleko oluqinileyo noluhlala ixesha elide. Ifuna inkqubo elula yokuhambisa efrijini kwaye abavelisi kufuneka bakwazi ukukhawuleza ukunyusa imveliso.
I-WHO, i-UNICEF kunye ne-Medecins Sans Frontieres (MFS / Doctors Without Borders), sele zineenkqubo zokugonya ezisebenzayo emhlabeni jikelele kunye nezinto ezibizwa ngokuba yi "cold chain": iilori ezipholileyo kunye neefriji zelanga ukugcina izitofu kwiqondo lokushisa elifanelekileyo njengoko zihamba. ukusuka kumzi-mveliso ukuya entsimini.
Ukuhanjiswa kogonyo lwehlabathi 'kuyakufuna i-8.000 jets jumbo'
Kodwa ukongeza isitofu sokugonya esitsha kumxube kunokubangela iingxaki ezinkulu zolungiselelo kwabo sele bejongene nocelomngeni.
Izitofu zokugonya zidla ngokufuna ukugcinwa kwisikhenkcisi, ngokwesiqhelo phakathi kwe-2°C kunye ne-8°C.
Lo ayingomceli mngeni kakhulu kumazwe amaninzi aphuhlileyo, kodwa inokuba “ngumsebenzi omkhulu” apho iziseko zophuhliso zibuthathaka kwaye unikezelo lombane kunye nesikhenkcisi singazinzanga.
"Ukugcina izitofu zokugonya kwikhonkco elibandayo sele ngomnye wemicelimngeni emikhulu amazwe ajongene nayo kwaye oku kuya kwandiswa ngokuziswa kwesitofu esitsha," uBarbara Saitta, umcebisi wezonyango we-MSF, uxelele i-BBC.
“Kuya kufuneka wongeze izixhobo ezingakumbi zamatsheyina abandayo, qiniseka ukuba usoloko unepetroli (yokusebenzisa izikhenkcisi neefriji xa ungekho umbane) kwaye uzilungise/utshintshe xa ziqhekeza uze uzithuthe uzise apho uzifuna khona.”
I-AstraZeneca icebise ukuba iyeza labo lokugonya lingadinga ikhonkco elibandayo eliqhelekileyo phakathi kwe-2°C kunye ne-8°C.
Kodwa kubonakala ngathi abanye abaviwa besitofu sokugonya baya kufuna ukugcinwa kwekhonkco elibandayo kakhulu kwi--60 ° C okanye ngaphantsi ngaphambi kokuba lihlanjululwe kwaye lisasazwe.
"Ukugcina isitofu sokugonya i-Ebola kwi -60 ° C okanye kubanda kwafuneka sisebenzise izixhobo ezikhethekileyo zokuzigcina kunye nokuthutha, kunye nokuqeqesha abasebenzi ukuba basebenzise zonke ezi zixhobo zitsha," kusho uBarbara uSaitta.
Kukwakho nombuzo wabantu ekujoliswe kubo. Iinkqubo zokugonya zikholisa ukujolisa ebantwaneni, ngoko ke amaziko kuya kufuneka acwangcise indlela yokufikelela kubantu abaqhele ukuba yinxalenye yenkqubo yogonyo.
Ngelixa ihlabathi lilindele ukuba izazinzulu zenze indima yazo, kulindelwe eminye imingeni emininzi. Kwaye izitofu zokugonya ayikuphela kwesixhobo esichasene ne-coronavirus.
“Amayeza okugonya ayisiso kuphela isisombululo,” utshilo uGqr Simao, we-WHO. “Udinga ukuxilongwa. Udinga indlela yokunciphisa ukufa, ngoko ufuna unyango kwaye ufuna isitofu sokugonya.
“Ngaphandle koko, ufuna yonke enye into: indawo yokuhlala, ukuphepha iindawo ezixineneyo njalo njalo.”