Yintoni ebangele ukuba kubekho ukudibana okukhulu kwiCawe ngo-1054

Ukuphikiswa okukhulu kwe-1054 kuphawula ukungavani okukhulu kwimbali yobuKristu, ukwahlula i-Orthodox yase-Orthodox eMpuma kwiCawa yamaRoma Katolika eNtshona. Kude kube ngoko, bonke ubuKristu babukho phantsi komzimba omnye, kodwa iicawa eMpuma zaziphuhlisa umohluko okwahlukileyo ngokwamasiko nakwimfundiso yobuhlanga yaseNtshona. Ubunzima buye banda ngokuthe chu phakathi kwamasebe amabini kwaye ekugqibeleni babiliswa kwi-Great Schism ye-1054, ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-East-West Schism.

I-schism enkulu ye-1054
Ukuphikiswa okukhulu kwe-1054 kuphawula ukwahlukana kobuKristu kunye nokuseka ukwahlukana phakathi kweecawa zama-Orthodox eMpuma ne-Katolika yecawa yaseNtshona.

Umhla wokuqala: Kumakhulu eminyaka, ukungqubana kuye kwakhula phakathi kwala masebe mabini de ekugqibeleni abila ngoJulayi 16, 1054.
Ikwabizwa ngokuba: yi-East-West Schism; inkcaso enkulu.
Abadlali abaphambili: UMichele Cerulario, Patriarch weConstantinople; UPopu Leo IX.
Oonobangela: eccristiastical, theology, political ,cubeko, jurisdictional andelwimiwimi umehluko.
Iziphumo: Ukwahlulwa ngokusisigxina phakathi kweCawa yamaRoma Katolika kunye ne-Orthodox yaseMpuma, i-Greek Orthodox kunye ne-Russian Orthodox. Ubudlelwane bamva phakathi kweMpuma neNtshona buye baphucuka, kodwa iicawa zisahlulwe ukuza kuthi ga kulo mhla.
Eyona nto yayiphambili entliziyweni yoopopu ibango likapopu ongumRoma kulawulo jikelele nakulawulo. Icawa yobuOthodoki eMpuma yayivumile ukuhlonipha upopu kodwa yayikholelwa ekubeni imicimbi yezenkolo kufuneka igqitywe libhunga lababhishophu kwaye, ngenxa yoko, ayizukumvumela upopu ukuba angalawulwa.

Emva kwengxabano enkulu ye-1054, iicawa zaseMpuma zaya kwiicawa zase-Mpuma, Greek kunye ne-Russian Orthodox, ngelixa iicawa zaseNtshona zasekwa kwicawa yamaRoma Katolika. La masebe mabini ahlala enobuhlobo kude kufike ii-crusaders ze-Crusade ye-1204th yathimba iConstantinople ngonyaka ka-XNUMX.

Yintoni ekhokelele kwi-schism enkulu?
Ngenkulungwane yesithathu, uBukhosi baseRoma babusiya bukhula bunzima kakhulu, kunzima ke ukulawula, ke uMlawuli Diocletian wagqiba kwelokuba ahlukane nobukumkani babuse kumacandelo amabini: uBukhosi baseRoma baseNtshona kunye neBandla laseRoma laseMpuma, kananjalo njengoBukhosi baseByzantine. Inye yezinto zokuqala ezibangele ukuba ezi ndawo zimbini zishukume yayilulwimi. Olona lwimi luphambili eNtshona yayilulwimi lwesiLatin, ngelixa olona lwimi luseMpuma yayingamaGrike.

Iimpawu ezincinci
Nditsho neecawa zoBukhosi obahluleleneyo zaqala ukunqanyulwa. Oosolusapho abahlanu babephethe igunya kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo: Patriarch of Rome, Alexandria, Antioch, Constantinople and Jerusalem. Upatrick wase Roma (upopu) wayen nembeko yokuthi "kuqala phakathi kwabalinganayo", kodwa engenalo igunya phezu kwabanye oosolusapho.

Ukungavisisani okuncinci okubizwa ngokuba "kukuphazamiseka ezincinci" kwenzeka kwiinkulungwane ezadlulayo kwi-Great Schism. I-schism yokuqala encinci (343-398) yayikwi-Arianism, inkolelo eyamkhanyelayo uYesu yokuba wayenomntu omnye okanye olingana noThixo, ngoko ke ayingokaThixo. Le nkolelo yamkelwe ngabaninzi kwiCawa yaseMpuma kodwa bayaliwa yiCawa yaseNtshona.

Olunye uphikiso oluncinci, iacacia schism (482-519), belunento yokwenza nengxoxo yohlobo lomntu onguye ngokwasemzimbeni, ngakumbi ukuba uYesu Krestu wayenobuThixo-bukomntu okanye zimbini (ezomntu nezomntu). Enye i-schism encinci, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-Photian schism, yenzeka ngekhulu le-XNUMX. Imicimbi yokwahlula-hlulwa kugxile kukungatshati, ukuzila ukutya, ukugcoba ngeoyile kunye nokuhamba komoya oyiNgcwele.

Nangona belexeshana, olu hluko phakathi kweMpuma neNtshona lwakhokelela kubudlelwane obukrakra njengoko la masebe mabini obuKhrestu ekhula esanda. Ngokwembali, i-Mpuma neNtshona babethatha iindlela ezahlukileyo. Indlela yesiLatin yayihlala isuselwa kwinto esebenzayo, ngelixa imeko yamaGrike yayingummangaliso kwaye icingela. Ingcinga yesiLatin yachukunyiswa kakhulu ngumthetho wamaRoma kunye nethiyori yezemfundo, ngelixa amaGrikhi ayeyiqonda le theology ngokusebenzisa intanda-bulumko kunye nemeko yonqulo.

Umahluko owenzekayo kunye nowokomoya wawukho phakathi kwala masebe mabini. Umzekelo, iicawa zingavumelani ukuba kwamkelekile ukusebenzisa isonka esingenagwele kwimibhiyozo yobudlelane. Iicawa zaseNtshona zaxhasa lo mkhuba, ngelixa amaGrikhi esebenzisa isonka esinegwele kwi-Ekaristi. Iicawa zaseMpuma zivumela abefundisi bazo ukuba batshatele, ngelixa amaLatin egxininisa kubutshati.

Ekugqibeleni, ifuthe loosolusapho bakwa-Antiyokwe, iJamani kunye neAlexandria yaqala ukuba buthathaka, izisa iRoma kunye neConstantinople njengendawo yamandla amabini ecawa.

Umahluko weelwimi
Kuba olona lwimi luphambili kubantu boBukhosi baseMpuma yayingamaGrike, iicawa zaseMpuma ziphuhlise isiko lamaGrike, besebenzisa ulwimi lwesiGrike kwimisitho yabo yenkolo kunye nokuguqulelwa kweTestamente Endala kwiSeptuagint Greek. Iicawa zaseRoma zaziqhuba iinkonzo ngesiLatini kwaye iiBhayibhile zazo zabhalwa kwiVulgate yesiLatin.

Iconoclastic impikiswano
Ngenkulungwane yesibhozo neyethoba, kwabakho impikiswano malunga nokusetyenziswa kwemifanekiso kunqulo. Umlawuli waseByzantium uLeo III wathi ukunqulwa kwemifanekiso yonqulo kukrexeza kunqulo-zithixo. Oobhishophu abaninzi baseMpuma babambisene nolawulo lomlawuli wabo, kodwa iCawa yaseNtshona yahlala iqinile ekuxhaseni ukusetyenziswa kwemifanekiso yezenkolo.

I-Byzantine icons
Iinkcukacha zikaMoses zee-Byzantine icons zikaHagia Sophia. Imifanekiso kaMuhur / Getty
Impikiswano malunga nesolotya likaFilioque
Impikiswano malunga nesolotya le-filioque yabangela enye yezona zinto ziphikisayo zokuphikiswa kwempuma-ntshona. Le mbambano yayijolise kwimfundiso yoThixo oneziqu ezithathu nokuba uMoya oyiNgcwele uphuma yedwa kuYise okanye kuYise nakuye uNyana.

UFilioque ligama lesiLatini elithetha "nonyana". Ekuqaleni, iSivumo seNicene satsho nje ukuba uMoya oyiNgcwele "uyavela kuYise", ibinzana elenzelwe ukukhusela ubuThixo boMoya oyiNgcwele. Igatya le-filioque longezwa kumgaqo-siseko yiCawa yaseNtshona ukucebisa ukuba uMoya oyiNgcwele uphuma kubo bobabini uYise "noNyana".

Icawa yaseMpuma inyanzelise ukuba kugcinwe isiseko semfundiso yeNicene Creed, ishiye igatya le-filioque. Iinkokeli eMpuma zaphikisana kakhulu ukuba iNtshona ayinalungelo lakutshintsha isiseko sokholo lobuKristu ngaphandle kokuya kwiCawa yaseMpuma. Ngaphezulu, babekholelwa ukuba ukongezwa bekubonisa umohluko wobukho bemeko phakathi kwala masebe mabini kunye nokuqonda kwawo uBathathu Emnye. Icawa yaseMpuma ibicinga ukuba yeyona yinyaniso kwaye iyinyaniso, ikholelwa ukuba imfundiso yenkolo yasentshona isekwe ngokuchanekileyo kwingcinga ka-Agasti, abayithatha njenge-heterodox.

Iinkokheli kuwo omabini amacala zenqaba ukuhambisa umba we-filioque. Oobhishophu basempuma baqala ukummangalela upopu kunye noobhishophu kwintshona yexuko. Ekugqibeleni, ezi cawa zimbini zalela ukusetyenziswa kwezithethe zecawa enye kwaye zagxothwa kwicawa yamaKristu okwenyani.

Yintoni etywiniweyo ubuchwephesha basempuma-ntshona?
Olona mbambano luphambili kuzo zonke kunye nembambano eye yazisa i-Great Schism entloko yayingumbuzo wegunya lezenkolo, ngakumbi ukuba upopu eRoma wayenamandla phezu koosolusapho eMpuma. Icawa yaseRoma yayixhase ubupopu baseRoma ukusukela kwinkulungwane yesine kwaye ibanga ukuba banegunya kwindibano iphela. Iinkokeli zaseMpuma zamhlonipha upopu kodwa zala ukumnika amandla okumisela umgaqo-nkqubo wezinye iindawo okanye ukuguqula izigqibo zamabhunga ecum.

Kwiminyaka eyandulela i-Great Schism, icawe eMpuma ikhokelwa ngu-Patriarch waseConstantinople, uMichele Cerularius (malunga ne-1000-1058), ngelixa icawa yaseRoma ikhokelwa nguPopu Leo IX (1002-1054).

Ngeli xesha, kwavela iingxaki emazantsi e-Italiya, eyayiyinxalenye yoBukhosi baseByzantine. Imfazwe yamaNorman yayihlasele, yoyisa lo mmandla yaza yathatha indawo yoobhishopu abangamaGrike endaweni yesiLatin. Xa uCerularius wafumanisa ukuba amaNormani ayayivumeli imisitho yamaGrike kwiicawa ezisemazantsi e-Itali, waziphindezela ngokuvala iicawa zecawa yesiLatin eConstantinople.

Iimpikiswano zabo ezinde zaqala xa uPopu Leo wathumela umcebisi wakhe oyintloko ukhadinali Humbert eConstantinople ngemiyalelo yokujongana nengxaki. U-Humbert wagxeka ngolunya kwaye wazigxeka isenzo sikaCerularius. Xa uCerularius wasityeshelayo isicelo sikapopu, wagxothwa ngokusemthethweni njengo-Patriarch waseConstantinople ngoJulayi 16, 1054. Ephendula, uCerularius watshisa inkunzi yenkomo yokugxothwa kwaye wavakalisa ubhishophu waseRoma ukuba ngumwexuki. I-schism yasempuma-ntshona itywinwe.

Imizamo yoxolelwaniso
Ngaphandle kweGreat Schism ka-1054, la masebe omabini asanxibelelana ngendlela enobubele de kufike ixesha leNgcaciso Yesine. Nangona kunjalo, ngo-1204, amaNqamlezo aseNtshona azichitha ngobuqhophololo iConstantinople aza angcolisa icawa enkulu yaseByzantine yaseSome Sophia.

I-Byzantine Cathedral yaseSome Sophia
Ikati enkulu yaseByzantine, uHagia Sophia (Aya Sofya), uthimbe ngaphakathi ngelensi yeliso leentlanzi. Idatha emnandi / yemifanekiso ka-Getty
Ngoku ekubeni ukuqhekezwa kwakusisigxina, la masebe mabini obuKrestu aya esiba mfundiso ngakumbi, kwezopolitiko nakwezomthetho. Imizamo yoxolelwaniso yenzeka kwiBhunga lesiBini laseLyon ngo-1274, kodwa isivumelwano saqatshelwa ngoobhishophu baseMpuma.

Kude kube kutshanje, kule nkulungwane yama-20, ubudlelwane phakathi kwamasebe amabini baphucuka ngokwaneleyo ukwenza inkqubela yokwenene ekuphiliseni umahluko. Ingxoxo phakathi kweenkokheli zikhokelele ekumiselweni kwesibhengezo se-Joint Catholic-Orthodox Declaration yowe-1965 zombini yiBhunga lesiBini laseVatican eRoma kunye nomsitho okhethekileyo eConstantinople. Isibhengezo sabuqonda ubunyaniso beesakramente kwiicawa zaseMpuma, zasusa ukungqinelani kwaye savakalisa umnqweno wokuqhubeka koxolelwaniso phakathi kwezi cawa zimbini.

Ezinye iinzame zoxolelwaniso zibandakanyiwe:

Ngo-1979 iKhomishini yaMazwe ngaManye ye-Theological Dialogue phakathi kweCawa yamaKatolika kunye neCawa yobuOthodoki yasekwa.
Ngo-1995, Patriarch Bartholomew I waseConstantinople satyelela okokuqala isiXeko saseVictoria, ukuya kwi-day -enkolo yokuthandazela uxolo.
Ngo-1999, uPopu John Paul II watyelela iRomania kwisimemo sePatriarch of the Romanian Orthodox Church. Olo yayilutyelelo lokuqala loopopu ukuya kwilizwe lama-Orthodox aseMpuma ukusukela kwiGreat Schism ka-1054.
Ngo-2004, uPopu John Paul II wabuyisela iziqendu eMpuma zivela eVatican. Esi senzo sibalulekile kuba iziqwenga ekukholelwa ukuba zaziphangiwe eConstantinople ngexesha leNqaku lesine ngo-1204.
Ngo-2005 Patriarch Bartholomew I, ekunye nezinye iinkokeli zeCawa yobuOthodoki baseMpuma, baya kumngcwabo kaPopu John Paul II.
Ngo-2005, uPopu Benedict XVI waphinda-phinda ukuzibophelela kwakhe ekusebenzeleni uxolelwaniso.
Ngo-2006, uPopu Benedict XVI watyelela i-Istanbul kwisimemo sikasolusapho u-Bartholomew I.
Ngo-2006, uBhishophu omkhulu uChristodoulos we-Greek Orthodox watyelela uPope Benedict XVI eVatican kutyelelo lokuqala lwenkokheli yecawa yamaGrike eVatican.
Ngo-2014, uPopu uFrancis kunye noPatrick Bar Baromeomew batyikitya isibhengezo esidibeneyo bechaza ukuba bazimisele ekufumaneni ubunye phakathi kweecawe zabo.
Ngala mazwi, uPopu John Paul II waveza amathemba obunye obuya kuthi kamva: “Ngexesha lesibini leminyaka [lobuKristu] iicawe zethu bezingqongqo ekwahlukaneni kwabo. Ngoku inkulungwane yesithathu yobuKristu iphezu kwethu. Ngamana ukuqala kwale nkulungwane ingamisela kwicawa esele iphinde yamanyana kwakhona.

Kwinkonzo yokuthandazela umsitho wokubhiyozelwa kweminyaka engama-50 yesibhengezo samaKatolika-se-Orthodox, uPope uFrancis uthe: “Simelwe kukukholelwa ukuba njengoko ilitye elingaphambi kwengcwaba libekwe ecaleni, ngokunjalo ke nawo nawuphi na umqobo kubudlelane bethu bugcwele nayo isuswe. Nanini na sibeka ikhethe lethu kude kudala kwaye sifumane isibindi sokwakha ubudlelwane obutsha bokwenene, siyavuma ukuba uKrestu uvukile ngokwenene. "

Ukususela ngoko, ubudlelwane buye baqhubeka baphucuka, kodwa iingxaki eziphambili zihlala zingasonjululwanga. IMpuma kunye neNtshona azinakuze zimanyane ngokupheleleyo kuyo yonke imibutho yezenkolo, yezopolitiko nakwezolawulo.