Athetha ukuthini amaBuddha "ngokukhanyiselwa"?
Uninzi lwabantu luvile ukuba uBuddha ukhanyiselwe kwaye amaBuddha afuna ukukhanyiselwa. Kodwa kuthetha ntoni? "Ukukhanya" ligama lesiNgesi elinokuthetha izinto ezininzi. ENtshona, i-Age of Enlightenment yayiyintshukumo yefilosofi yenkulungwane ye-17 neye-18 eyayikhuthaza isayensi kunye nesizathu malunga nentsomi kunye neenkolelo, ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yaseNtshona ukukhanyiselwa kuhlala kunxulunyaniswa nengqondo nolwazi. Kodwa ukukhanyiselwa nguBuddha yenye into.
Isibane kunye neSatori
Ukongeza ukudideka, "ukukhanyiselwa" kusetyenziswe njengoguqulelo kumagama aliqela ase-Asia engathethi into enye. Umzekelo, kumashumi eminyaka eyadlulayo, amaBuddha angamaNgesi aziswa kubuBhuda ngokubhalwa kukaDT Suzuki (1870-1966), umphengululi waseJapan owayephila ixesha elide njengemonki enguZen Rinzai. USuzuki wasebenzisa "ukhanyiselo" ukutolika igama lesiJapan elithi satori, elivela kwisenzi satoru, "ukwazi".
Olu guqulelo lwalungekho ngaphandle kokucacisa. Kodwa ekusebenziseni, i-satori ihlala ibhekisa kumava okuqonda ubunyani bokwenyani. Ithelekiswe namava okuvula ucango, kodwa ukuvula ucango kusathetha ukwahlula nento engaphakathi komnyango. Ngenxalenye yombulelo kwimpembelelo kaSuzuki, umbono wokukhanyiselwa ngokomoya njengesiqhelo, ulonwabo kunye namava aguqukayo afakwa kwinkcubeko yaseNtshona. Nangona kunjalo, oku kuyalahlekisa.
Nangona uSuzuki nabanye babafundisi-ntsapho bokuqala beZen eNtshona besicacisile isikhanyiso njengamava anokubakho ngamanye amaxesha, uninzi lwabafundisi beZen kunye nezicatshulwa zeZen zikuxelela ukuba ukukhanyiselwa akuyi ngamava kodwa ilizwe elisisigxina: ngokungena ngomnyango. KwaSatori ayikokukhanya ngokwayo. Kule, iZen ihambelana nendlela yokukhanya kubonakala kumanye amasebe obuBuddha.
UkuKhanyiselwa kunye ne-Bodhi (Theravada)
I-Bodhi, igama lesiSanskrit kunye ne-echaza "ukuvusa", ihlala iguqulelwa njengo "kukhanyisela".
Kwi-Theravada Buddhism, i-bodhi inxulunyaniswa nokugqibelela kweengcinga ezine zeNoble ezine, ezathi zaphelisa i-dukkha (ukubandezeleka, uxinzelelo, ukungoneliseki). Umntu oye wagcwalisa le intuition kwaye washiya konke ukungcola yinto arhat, umntu okhululwe kumjikelezo we-samsara okanye ukuzalwa kwakhona okungapheliyo. Ngelixa esaphila, ungena eluhlobo lwe-nirvana enemeko kwaye, ekufeni, uyonwabele uxolo lwe-nirvana epheleleyo kwaye aphunyuke kumjikelezo wokuzalwa ngokutsha.
Kwi-Atthinukhopariyaayo Sutta ye-Pali Tipitaka (Samyutta Nikaya 35,152), uBuddha uthe:
"Ke, iinkosi, esi sisikhombisi esimalunga nendlela imonki, ngaphandle kokholo, ngaphandle kokweyisela, ngaphandle kokuthambekisa, ngaphandle kwengqikelelo, ngaphandle kovuyo lweembono kunye nethiyori, zingangqina impumelelo yesikhanyiso: 'Ukuzalwa kutshatyalalisiwe, ubomi obungcwele bufezekisiwe, obekufanele ukwenziwa kwenziwe, akusekho bomi kulo mhlaba. "
Ukukhanyiselwa kunye ne-Bodhi (Mahayana)
Kwi-Mahayana Buddhism, i-bodhi idityaniswa nokugqibelela kobulumko, okanye i-sunyata. Le yimfundiso yokuba zonke izinto ezenzekayo azinazo iziqu zazo.
Uninzi lwethu lubona izinto kunye nezinto ezisingqongileyo njengeyahlukileyo kwaye zisisigxina. Kodwa lo mbono luqikelelo. Endaweni yoko, umhlaba omangalisayo yinto etshintsha eguqukayo yezizathu kunye neemeko okanye imvelaphi exhomekeke. Izinto kunye nezinto, ezingenalo ubuqu, aziyonyani okanye aziyiyo eyokwenene: imfundiso yezi nyaniso zimbini. Imbono enzulu ye-sunyata ichitha imixokelelwane yokuzibophelela ebangela ukungonwabi kwethu. Indlela ezimbini zokwahlula phakathi kwakho kunye nabanye zivelisela kumbono ongenasiphelo apho zonke izinto zihambelana.
Kwi-Mahayana Buddhism, umbono wokuziqhelanisa ngulowo we-bodhisattva, okhanyisiweyo ukuba uhlala kwilizwe le-phenomenal ukuzisa yonke into ekukhanyiseni. Umgangatho we-bodhisattva ungaphezulu kokuzonwabisa; ibonisa inyani yokuba akukho namnye kuthi owahlukileyo. "Isibane somntu ngamnye" yi-oxymoron.
Isibane eVajrayana
Isebe leMahayana Buddhism, izikolo ezifundisayo zeVajrayana Buddhism, zikholelwa ukuba ukukhanya kunokuthi ngequbuliso kube mzuzu. Oku kuhambelana nenkolelo yeVajrayana yokuba iinkanuko ezahlukeneyo kunye nezithintelo zobomi, endaweni yokuba zibe zizithintelo, zinokuba sisibindi sotshintsho ekukhanyiselekeni okunokwenzeka ngexesha elinye, okanye ubuncinci kobu bomi. Isitshixo salo mkhuba kukukholelwa kwindalo kaBuddha, ukugqibelela okungaphakathi kwendalo yethu okulindele nje ukuba siyamkele. Le nkolelo kumandla okufikelela ngokukhawuleza ekukhanyiseni ayifani nakwimeko yeSartori. KwiVajrayana Buddhist, ukukhanyiselwa akuyona indawo yokujonga umnyango kodwa ilizwe ngokusisigxina.
Ukukhanyisa kunye nohlobo lweBuddha
Ngokwentsomi, xa u-Buddha efumana ulwazi, wathetha ngento enefuthe elithi "ayiqhelekanga! Zonke izidalwa sele zikhanyisiwe! " Eli lizwe yaziwa ngokuba yiBuddha Nature, eyinxalenye esisiseko sobuchule bobuBuddha kwezinye izikolo. Kwi-Mahayana Buddhism, ubume beBuddha buyi-Buddhaism enomdla yazo zonke izidalwa. Kuba zonke izidalwa sele zingoBuddha, umsebenzi ayikokufumana ukukhanya kodwa kukufezekisa.
Inkosi yaseTshayina uHuineng (638-713), Patriarch wesithandathu weChan (Zen), wathelekisa uBuddha kunye nenyanga egqunywe ngamafu. Amafu abonisa ukungazi kunye nongcoliseko. Xa ezi zinto ziphoswe, inyanga, esele ikho, iyatyhileka.
Amava okuqonda
Kuthekani ngala mava ngequbuliso, ngokuzonwabisa nangenguquko? Usenokuba unamaxesha kwaye waziva ukuba ukule nto ngokomoya. Amava afanayo, nangona emnandi kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ephelekwa yimeko yokwenene, ayizibonakalisi. Uninzi lwabasebenzi abaziingcali, amava okonwabisayo ngokomoya angasekeli kwindlela ye-Eightfold Path yokufumana ulwazi ngokuqinisekileyo ayinalo uguquko. Ukuzingela ilizwe elinemincili kunokuba liluhlobo lomnqweno kunye nokuncamatheliswa, kwaye indlela yokufumana ulwazi kukunikezela ngokunamathela nangokunqwenela.
Utitshala we-Zen u-Barry Magid uthe nge-Master Hakuin, kwi- "Akukho nto ifihliweyo":
“Ukuziqhelanisa nokusebenza kuka-Hakuin ku-Hakuin ekugqibeleni kwakuthetha ukuyeka ukuba nexhala malunga nemeko yakhe kunye nokuphumelela kwakhe nokuzinikela kuye nokuziqhelanisa naye nokunceda abanye. Ekugqibeleni, ekugqibeleni waqonda ukuba ukukhanyiselwa okwenyani yinto yokuziqhelanisa engenasiphelo kunye nokusebenza ngobubele, ayisiyiyo into eyenzeka kube kanye ngalo lonke ixesha kumqamelo. "
Inkosi kunye nemonki uShunryu Suzuki (1904-1971) wathi ngokhanyiso:
“Luhlobo lwemfihlakalo ukuba kubantu abangenamava ngokukhanyisa, isibane yinto emnandi kakhulu. Kodwa ukuba bayakufikelela, akunto oko. Kodwa akukho nto. Uyaqonda? Kumama onabantwana, ukuba nabantwana akukho nto ikhethekileyo. Le yi-zazen. Ke ukuba uyaqhubeka nale nto, uyakufumana okungakumbi- akukho nto ikhethekileyo, kodwa isekhona into. Unokuthi "indalo yonke" okanye "Ubuntu beBuddha" okanye "ukukhanya". Ungayibiza ngamagama amaninzi, kodwa kumntu ongumnikazi wayo, ayonto kwaye ayinto. ”
Zombini ezi ntsomi kunye nobungqina obubhaliweyo zibonisa ukuba iingcali ezifanelekileyo kunye nabantu abakhanyiselweyo banokuba namandla angaqhelekanga, kwanamandla angaphezu kwawemvelo, amandla engqondo. Nangona kunjalo, obu buchule abubobungqina bokukhanya, kwaye azibalulekanga ngandlela ithile. Apha, kwakhona, silumkisiwe ukuba singazisukeli ezi zakhono zengqondo ngomngcipheko wokudidanisa umunwe okhomba kwinyanga ngokwayo.
Ukuba uyazibuza ukuba uyakhanyisela ntoni, ngokuqinisekileyo ayiqinisekile. Olona hlobo kuphela lokuvavanya i-intuition yakho kukuyinika utitshala oyi-dharma. Ungatyhafi ukuba isiphumo sakho siwela phantsi kweliso likatitshala. Ukuqala kobuxoki kunye neempazamo ziyinxalenye eyimfuneko yohambo, kwaye ukuba kwaye xa ufikelela ekukhanyisweni, ziya kwakhiwa kwiziseko eziqinileyo kwaye awuyi kuba nazimpazamo.