I-Darshanas: intshayelelo kwifilosofi yamaHindu

IDarshanas zizikolo zefilosofi esekwe kwiVedas. Ziyinxalenye yezibhalo ezithandathu zamaHindu, ezinye ezintlanu zii-shrutis, iSmritis, i-Itihasa, iPurana kunye neAgamas. Ngelixa ezine zokuqala zinomdla kwaye yesihlanu ziyakhuthaza kunye neemvakalelo, iDarshana ngamacandelo obukrelekrele emibhalo yamaHindu. Uncwadi lukaDarshana luyintanda-bulumko ngokwendalo kwaye lujolise kubaphengululi abanobuchule, ukuqonda kunye nengqondo. Ngelixa ii-Itihasas, iiPuranas kunye neeAgamas zenzelwe abantu kwaye zibhenela entliziyweni, iDarshanas ibhenela kwingqondo.

Ihlelwe njani ifilosofi yamaHindu?
Ifilosofi yamaHindu inamacandelo amathandathu - uShad-Darsana- iDarshanas ezintandathu okanye iindlela zokubona izinto, zihlala zibizwa ngokuba ziinkqubo ezintandathu okanye izikolo zokucinga. Amacandelo amathandathu efilosofi sisixhobo sokubonisa inyaniso. Isikolo ngasinye sitolike, safanisa saza sanxulumanisa iindawo ezahlukeneyo zeVedas ngendlela yazo. Inkqubo nganye ineSutrakara yayo, okt kuphela kwesilumko esineenkqubo zemfundo zesikolo kwaye sizibeka kwii-aphorisms ezimfutshane okanye eSutras.

Zithini iinkqubo ezintandathu zamaHindu zefilosofi?
Izikolo ezahlukeneyo zokucinga ziindlela ezahlukeneyo ezikhokelela kwinjongo enye. Ezi nkqubo zintandathu zezi:

I-Nyaya: USage Gautama wayila imigaqo ye-Nyaya okanye inkqubo ye-Indian logical. I-Nyaya ithathwa njengeyimfuneko kuyo yonke imibuzo yefilosofi.
I-Vaiseshika: I-Vaiseshika yongezwa yi-Nyaya. Isilumko uKanada saqamba iVaiseshika Sutra.
ISankhya: USage Kapila waseka inkqubo yeSankhya.
IYoga: IYoga sisongezelelo kwiSankhya. USage Patanjali walungelelanisa isikolo seYoga kwaye waqamba iYoga Sutras.
IMimamsa: uSage Jaimini, umfundi wesilumko esikhulu uVyasa, wabhala iSutras yesikolo saseMimamsa, esekwe kumacandelo eVedas.
IVedanta: IVedanta yandiswa kunye nokufezekiswa kweSankhya. USage Badarayana wabhala iVedanta-Sutra okanye iBrahma-Sutra eyayichaza iimfundiso ze-Upanishads.

Yintoni injongo yeDarshanas?
Injongo yazo zonke i-Darshanas ezintandathu kukususwa kokungazi kunye neziphumo zentlungu kunye nokubandezeleka, kunye nokufumana inkululeko, ukugqibelela kunye nolonwabo lwanaphakade kumanyano lomphefumlo ngamnye okanye iJivatman noMoya oPhakamileyo. o IParamatman. I-Nyaya ibiza ukungazi Mithya Jnana okanye ulwazi olungeyonyani. USankhya uyichaza njenge-Aviveka okanye ukungacalucaluli phakathi kwenyani kunye nokungaqinisekanga. UVedanta uyibiza ngokuba yiAvidya okanye isayensi. Ifilosofi nganye ijolise ekupheliseni ukungazi ngolwazi okanye ngeJnana kunye nokufezekisa ulonwabo lwanaphakade.

Yintoni unxibelelwano phakathi kwezi nkqubo zintandathu
Ngexesha le-Sankaracharya, zonke izikolo ezithandathu zefilosofi zaphumelela. Izikolo ezithandathu zahlulwe zangamaqela amathathu:

I-Nyaya kunye neVaiseshika
ISankhya kunye neYoga
IMimamsa kunye neVedanta
I-Nyaya neVaiseshika: I-Nyaya neVaiseshika zibonelela ngohlalutyo lwehlabathi lamava. Ukususela kufundo lwe-Nyaya kunye neVaiseshika, umntu ufunda ukusebenzisa ubukrelekrele bakhe ukufumana iimpazamo kunye nokwazi umgaqo-siseko wezinto zehlabathi. Baququzelela zonke izinto zehlabathi kwiindidi ezithile okanye kwiindidi okanye kwiPadarthas. Bacacisa indlela uThixo awenze ngayo wonke umhlaba obambekayo ngee-atom kunye neemolekyuli kwaye wabonisa indlela eya kuLwazi oluPhezulu-lukaThixo.

ISankhya kunye neYoga: ngofundo lweSankhya, umntu unokuyiqonda ikhosi yendaleko. Iposiwe sisilumko esikhulu uKapila, othathelwa ingqalelo njengoyise wengqondo, iSankhya ibonelela ngokuqonda okupheleleyo kwengqondo yeHindu. Ukufundisisa kunye nokuziqhelanisa neYoga kunika umbono wokuzibamba kunye nokulawula kwengqondo kunye nemizwa. Ifilosofi yeYoga ijongana nokucamngca kunye nolawulo lweVrittis okanye amaza okucinga kwaye ibonisa iindlela zokuqeqesha ingqondo kunye nemizwa. Kuyanceda ukuhlakulela ukugxila kwengqondo kunye nokufaka imeko engenamandla eyaziwa ngokuba yiNirvikalpa Samadhi.

IMimamsa neVedanta: IMimamsa inamacandelo amabini: "iPurva-Mimamsa" ijongene neKarma-Kanda yeVedas ejongene nokusebenza, kunye ne "Uttara-Mimamsa" neJnana-Kanda, ejongene nolwazi. Eyokugqibela ikwabizwa ngokuba yi "Vedanta-Darshana" kwaye yenza ilitye lembombo lobuHindu. Ifilosofi yaseVedanta ichaza ngokweenkcukacha uhlobo lweBrahman okanye uMntu ongunaPhakade kwaye ibonisa ukuba umphefumlo ngamnye, ubukhulu becala, uyafana noZiphakamileyo. Inika iindlela zokususa iAvidya okanye isigqubuthelo sokungazi kwaye udibanise nolwandle lolonwabo, oko kukuthi, iBrahman. Ngokuziqhelanisa neVedanta, umntu unokufikelela kwincopho yokomoya okanye ubuqaqawuli bukaThixo kunye nobunye noPhezukonke.

Yeyiphi eyona nkqubo yanelisayo yefilosofi yaseIndiya?
IVedanta yeyona nkqubo yefilosofi yanelisayo kwaye yavela kwi-Upanishads, ithathe indawo yazo zonke ezinye izikolo. NgokukaVedanta, ukuziqonda ngokwakho okanye uJnana yeyona nto iphambili, kwaye isithethe kunye nonqulo zizinto nje ezizincedisi. I-Karma ingathatha enye ezulwini kodwa ayikwazi ukutshabalalisa umjikelezo wokuzalwa nokufa kwaye ayikwazi ukuzisa ulonwabo olungunaphakade nokungafi.