Ubomi boBuddha, uSiddhartha Gautama
Ubomi bukaSiddhartha Gautama, umntu esimthiya nguBuddha, bugutyungelwe lilivo kunye neentsomi. Nangona uninzi lwababhali bembali bakholelwa ukuba wayekho umntu onjalo, sazi okuncinci malunga nomntu uqobo wembali. I-biology "esemgangathweni", echazwe kweli nqaku, kubonakala ngathi yavela ngokuhamba kwexesha. Yagqitywa ubukhulu becala ngu "Buddhacarita", umbongo oyindumasi obhalwe nguAgvaghoṣa ngenkulungwane yesi-XNUMX ye-AD.
Ukuzalwa kunye nosapho lukaSiddhartha Gautama
UBuddha wexesha elizayo, uSiddhartha Gautama, wazalwa ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX okanye lesi-XNUMX BC eLumbini (kwiNepal yanamhlanje). USiddhartha ligama lesiSanskrit elithetha "ophumelele iinjongo" kwaye uGautama ligama losapho.
Uyise, uKumkani uSuddhodana, wayeyintloko yentsapho enkulu ebizwa ngokuba nguShakya (okanye uSakya). Ukusuka kwizicatshulwa zokuqala akucaci nokuba wayengukumkani olilifa okanye yayiyinkosi yesizwe. Kungenzeka ukuba wanyulwa kule nqanaba.
USuddhodana watshata oodade ababini, uMaya noPajapati Gotami. Kuthiwa babeziinkosazana zenye indlu, iKoliya, evela emantla eIndiya namhlanje. UMaya wayengumama kaSiddhartha kwaye wayekuphela kwentombi yakhe. Usweleke emva nje kokuzalwa kwakhe. UPajapati, owathi kamva waba ngunongendi wokuqala wamaBuddha, wakhulisa uSiddhartha njengowakhe.
Ngawo onke ama-akhawunti, iNkosana uSiddhartha kunye nosapho lwayo babengabomkhosi wamagorha kunye nezikhulu zaseKshatriya. Phakathi kwezalamane zikaSiddhartha ezaziwayo yayingumzala wakhe uAnanda, unyana womntakwabo utata wakhe. UAnanda wayeza kuba ngumfundi kaBuddha kunye nomncedisi wakhe. Ngewayemncinci kakhulu kunoSiddhartha, kwaye babengazani njengabantwana.
Isiprofeto kunye nomtshato omncinci
Xa iNkosana uSiddhartha yayineentsuku ezimbalwa ubudala, kuthiwa, ingcwele yaprofeta ngenkosana. Ngokwengxelo ezithile, iingcwele ezisithoba zeBrahman ziye zanikezela ngesi siprofeto. Kwaxelwa kwangaphambili ukuba inkwenkwe iya kuba ngumlawuli omkhulu okanye utitshala omkhulu kwezomoya. UKumkani uSuddhodana wakhetha iziphumo zokuqala kwaye walungiselela unyana wakhe ngokufanelekileyo.
Wakhulisa inkwenkwana ngobunewunewu obukhulu kwaye wayikhusela kulwazi lwenkolo kunye nokubandezeleka kwabantu. Xa wayeneminyaka eyi-16, wayetshatele kumzala wakhe, uYasodhara, owayeneminyaka eli-16 ubudala. Ngokungathandabuzekiyo lo yayingumtshato owawuququzelelwa ziintsapho, njengoko kwakuqhelekile ngelo xesha.
U-Yasodhara wayeyindodakazi yenkosi yaseKoliya kwaye unina wayengudade kaKumkani uSuddhodana. Wayekwangudade kaDadadatta, owaba ngumfundi kaBuddha emva koko, ngeendlela ezithile, imbangi eyingozi.
Iindawo ezine zokuhamba
Inkosana yafikelela kubudala beminyaka engama-29 inamava amancinci ehlabathi ngaphandle kweendonga zamabhotwe ayo amahle. Wayengabuqapheli ubunyani bokugula, ukwaluphala nokufa.
Ngenye imini, oyiswe ngumnqweno, iNkosana uSiddhartha yacela umqhubi wenqwelo ukuba amkhaphe kuthotho lweendawo zokuhamba ezilalini. Kolu hambo wothuswa kukubona kwendoda endala, emva koko indoda egulayo kunye nomzimba ofileyo. Izinto ezinzima zokwaluphala, izifo kunye nokufa kuthathwe kwaye kwenzakalisa inkosana.
Ekugqibeleni wabona umntu ozibandeza uyolo. Umqhubi wachaza ukuba umntu ozinikeleyo ulincamile ihlabathi kwaye wazama ukuzikhulula kuloyiko lokufa kunye nokubandezeleka.
Ezi ntlanganiso zitshintsha ubomi ziya kwaziwa eBuddhism njengeendawo ezine zokuhamba.
Ukunikezela kukaSiddhartha
Ixesha elithile isikhulu sabuyela ebomini bendlu, kodwa akazange ayithande. Akazange azithande iindaba zokuba umfazi wakhe u-Yasodhara uzele unyana. Igama lomntwana nguRahula, elithetha "ukudibanisa".
Ngobunye ubusuku isikhulu sasibhadula sodwa ebhotwe. Ubunewunewu awayekade ebunandipha babubonakala njengobubi. Iimvumi kunye namantombazana adanisayo alale kwaye alala phantsi, erhona kwaye etshica. INkosana uSiddhartha ibonakalise ngokwaluphala, ukugula kunye nokufa okuza kubafumana bonke kwaye kuguqule imizimba yabo ibe luthuli.
Wayeqonda ke ukuba akasenako ukuhlala anelisekile ngokuphila ubomi benkosana. Kwangobo busuku wayishiya ibhotwe, wacheba intloko yakhe, waguqula iingubo zakhe zobukumkani waba yingubo yomngqibi. Ukuncama bonke ubunewunewu awayebazi, waqalisa ukufuna ulwazi.
Uphando luqala
USiddhartha waqala ngokukhangela ootitshala abaziwayo. Bamfundisa iifilosofi ezininzi zonqulo zomhla wakhe kunye nendlela yokucamngca. Emva kokufunda konke abanokukufundisa, amathandabuzo akhe kunye nemibuzo yahlala. Yena nabafundi abahlanu bazifunela ukhanyiselo.
Amaqabane amathandathu azamile ukuzikhulula kwimbandezelo ngoqeqesho lomzimba: yinyamezele intlungu, ubambe umphefumlo kwaye ukhawuleze uphantse ulambe. Ukanti uSiddhartha ebengonelisekanga.
Kwafika kuye ukuba, ngokuyeka ulonwabo, wayebambe into echasene nolonwabo, eyayiyintlungu kunye nokuzithemba. Ngoku uSiddhartha uthathela ingqalelo umhlaba ophakathi phakathi kwezi zinto zimbini zigqithisileyo.
Ukhumbule amava akhe ebuntwaneni xa ingqondo yakhe yayihlala kwimeko yoxolo olunzulu. Wabona ukuba indlela eya enkululekweni yayikukuqeqeshwa kwengqondo, kwaye waqonda ukuba, endaweni yokulamba, udinga isondlo ukuze akhe amandla akhe kumzamo. Xa wamkela isitya sobisi lwerayisi kwintombazana, amaqabane akhe acinga ukuba unikezele kwimfuno kwaye amlahlile.
Ukhanyiso lukaBuddha
USiddhartha wayehleli phantsi komthi womkhiwane ongcwele (Ficus medica), owawusoloko usaziwa njenge Bodhi Tree (bodhi uthetha "ukuvuswa"). Kulapho ke wazinza khona ngokucamngca.
Umlo kwingqondo kaSiddhartha waba yintsomi njengedabi elikhulu noMara. Igama ledemon lithetha "intshabalalo" kwaye limele inkanuko elahlekisayo nokusilahlekisa. UMara wazisa imikhosi emikhulu yamarhamncwa ukuba ahlasele uSiddhartha, owayehleli engazinzanga kwaye eqinile. Intombi entle kakhulu kaMara yazama ukulukuhla uSiddhartha, kodwa le migudu nayo ayiphumelelanga.
Ekugqibeleni, uMara wathi isihlalo sokhanyiso sesakhe. Impumelelo yokomoya kaMara yayinkulu kuneyeSiddhartha, yatsho idemon. Amajoni amakhulu aseMara adanduluka kunye: "Ndilingqina lakhe!" UMara ucelomngeni uSiddhartha, "Ngubani oza kukuthethela?"
Emva koko uSiddhartha wolula isandla sakhe sasekunene ukuba achukumise umhlaba, kwaye umhlaba ngokwawo wagquma: "Ndiyangqina kuwe!" UMara unyamalele. Njengokuba inkwenkwezi yakusasa iphakama esibhakabhakeni, uSiddhartha Gautama wabona ukukhanya kwaye waba nguBuddha, ochazwa njengo "mntu ofumene ukhanyiselo olupheleleyo".
UBuddha njengomfundisi
Ekuqaleni, uBuddha wayemathidala ukufundisa kuba oko wayekufezile akunakwaziswa ngamagama. Kuphela kuqeqesho kunye nokucaca kwengqondo apho ubuqhetseba buya kuthi shwaka kwaye i-Greater Reality ibe namava. Abaphulaphuli ngaphandle kwala mava angqalileyo baya kubambeka kwiingcinga kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo bangayiqondi yonke into ayithethileyo. Nangona kunjalo, uvelwano lwamnyanzela ukuba azame ukudlulisa oko akufezileyo.
Emva kokukhanyiselwa kwakhe, waya e-Isipatana Deer Park, ekwindawo ngoku ebizwa ngokuba liphondo lase-Uttar Pradesh, e-India. Apho wafumana amaqabane amahlanu awayemshiyile washumayela intshumayelo yakhe yokuqala kubo.
Le ntshumayelo igcinwe njengeDhammacakkappavattana Sutta kwaye ijolise kwiiNyaniso ezine eziNyanisekileyo. Esikhundleni sokufundisa iimfundiso ekukhanyeni, uBuddha wakhetha ukumisela indlela yokusebenza apho abantu banokuzifumana ukukhanya kwabo.
UBuddha wazinikezela ekufundiseni kwaye watsala amakhulu abalandeli. Ekugqibeleni, waxolelana notata wakhe, uKumkani uSuddhodana. Umfazi wakhe, u-Yasodhara ozinikeleyo, waba ngunongendi kunye nomfundi. URahula, unyana wakhe, waba yimonki yokuqala eneminyaka esixhenxe kwaye wachitha ubomi bakhe bonke kuyise.
Amagama okugqibela kaBuddha
UBuddha wahamba ngokungakhathali kuyo yonke imimandla esemantla eIndiya naseNepal. Wafundisa iqela labalandeli abahlukeneyo, bonke befuna inyaniso awayeyinikela.
Kwiminyaka engama-80, uBuddha wangena eParinirvana, eshiya umzimba wakhe ngasemva. Njengoko wayedlula, wawushiya umjikelo ongapheliyo wokufa nokuzalwa ngokutsha.
Ngaphambi kokuphefumla kwakhe kokugqibela, wathetha amazwi akhe okugqibela kubalandeli bakhe:
“Nazi iimonki, eli yingcebiso yam yokugqibela kuni. Zonke izinto ezihlanganisiweyo emhlabeni ziyatshintsha. Azihlali thuba lide. Sebenza nzima ukuze ufumane usindiso. "
Umzimba kaBuddha watshiswa. Isidumbu sakhe sabekwa kwiziduko-izakhiwo ezamkelweyo eziqhelekileyo kubuBhuda- kwiindawo ezininzi, kubandakanya iTshayina, iMyanmar neSri Lanka.
UBuddha waphefumlela izigidi
Kwiminyaka engama-2.500 350 kamva, iimfundiso zikaBuddha zihlala zinentsingiselo kubantu abaninzi kwihlabathi liphela. UbuBuddha buyaqhubeka nokutsala abalandeli abatsha kwaye yenye yeenkolo ezikhula ngokukhawuleza, nangona uninzi lungabhekiseli kulo njengenkolo kodwa njengendlela yokomoya okanye ifilosofi. Kuqikelelwa ukuba bangama-550 ukuya kuma-XNUMX ezigidi abantu abasebenzisa ubuBhuda namhlanje.