Ubomi kunye nefilosofi kaConfucius
UConfucius (551-479 BC), umseki wefilosofi eyaziwa ngokuba yiConfucianism, wayengumntu osisilumko waseTshayina notitshala ochithe ubomi bakhe ejongene nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Wayebizwa ngokuba nguKong Qiu ekuzalweni kwakhe kwaye wayesaziwa njengeKong Fuzi, Kong Zi, K'ung Ch'iu okanye Master Kong. Igama elithi Confucius liguqulela uKong Fuzi, kwaye laqala ukusetyenziswa ngabaphengululi bamaJesuit abatyelele iTshayina kwaye bafunda ngalo ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX AD.
Iinyani ezikhawulezayo: IConfucius
Igama elipheleleyo: Kong Qiu (ekuzalweni). Ikwabizwa ngokuba yiKong Fuzi, Kong Zi, K'ung Ch'iu okanye Master Kong
Yaziwa ngokuba: sisithandi-sobulumko, umseki wobuConfucianism
Uzalelwe: 551 BC eQufu, China
Ukufa: 479 BC eQufu, China
Bazali: Shuliang He (utata); Ilungu leqela le-Yan (Umama)
Iqabane: Qiguan
Bantwana: Bo Bo Yu (okwabizwa ngokuba yi Kong Kong Li)
Obomi bakwangoko
Nangona uConfucius wayephila phakathi kwenkulungwane yesihlanu BC, ibhayiloji yakhe ayizange irekhodwe de kufike inzala ka-Han, kwiminyaka engama-400 kamva, kwiirekhodi ze-Great Historian okanye uShiji waseSima Qian. UConfucius wazalwa yintsapho eyayisakuba ngurhulumente wentando yesininzi kwilizwe elincinci elibizwa ngokuba nguLu, kumantla ntshona e China ngo-551 BC, ngaphambi nje kwexesha lesiphithiphithi sezopolitiko esaziwa ngokuba liXesha laseMfazwe. Iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo ze Shiji zibonisa ukuba utata wakhe wayekhulile, phantse i-70, ngelixa umama wakhe wayeneminyaka eli-15 ubudala, kwaye umanyano lwalunokuthi luphume emtshatweni.
Utata kaConfucius wasweleka esemncinci wakhuliswa yintlupheko ngunina. Ngokuka The Analections, ingqokelela yeemfundiso kunye namazwi ahambelana noConfucius, wafumana izakhono zokuthobeka ngenxa yesidingo esikhuliswe kakubi ekukhuleni kwakhe, nangona isikhundla sakhe njengelungu losapho oluphila ngokuzibalulekileyo samnika amandla okuqhubela phambili kwizifundo zakhe. Xa uConfucius wayeneminyaka eli-19, watshata noQiguan, nangona wakhawuleza wahlukana naye. Iingxelo ziyahluka, kodwa esi sibini saziwa ukuba sasinomntwana omnye, u-Bo Yu (okwabizwa ngokuba ngu-Kong Li).
Iminyaka emva
Malunga neminyaka engama-30 ubudala, uConfucius waqala umsebenzi wakhe, ethatha inxaxheba kwezolawulo kwaye, kamva, kwizikhundla zopolitiko kwilizwe laseLu kunye nosapho olulawulayo. Ngeli xesha wayeneminyaka engama-50, wayesele ephoxekile yinkohlakalo kunye nesiphithiphithi sobomi bezopolitiko, kwaye waqalisa uhambo lweminyaka eli-12 e-China, ehlanganisa abafundi kwaye efundisa.
Kuncinci okwaziwayo malunga nokuphela kobomi bukaConfucius, nangona kucingelwa ukuba uchithe le minyaka ebhala ngemisebenzi yakhe kunye neemfundiso zakhe. Umfundi wakhe amthandayo kunye nonyana wakhe okuphela kwakhe basweleka ngeli xesha, kwaye imfundiso kaConfucius yayingakhange iphucule imeko karhulumente. Wabona kwangaphambili ukuqala kwexesha leMfazwe kwaye akazange akwazi ukuthintela isiphithiphithi. UConfucius wasweleka ngo-479 BC, nangona izifundo kunye nelifa lakhe zidlulisiwe kangangeenkulungwane.
Iimfundiso zikaConfucius
UbuConfucius, obuvela kwimibhalo nakwimfundiso kaConfucius, isithethe esigxile ekufezekiseni nasekulondolozeni imvisiswano kwezentlalo. Olu manyano lunokufezekiswa kwaye luqhubeke lukhuthazwe ngokubambelela kwizithethe nakwizithethe, kwaye lusekwe kumgaqo wokuba abantu balungile ngokusisiseko, bayafundiseka kwaye banokufundiseka. Umsebenzi we-Confucianism usekwe kukuqonda ngokubanzi kunye nokuphunyezwa kolawulo olungqongqo lwasentlalweni phakathi kwabo bonke ubudlelwane. Ukubambelela kwimeko yomntu oyimiselweyo kudala imeko evisisanayo kwaye kuthintela iingxabano.
Injongo yeConfucianism kukufezekisa ilizwe eligcwele ubuntu okanye ububele, obaziwa njenge ren. Nabani na oye wafikelela kwi-ren yindoda efezekileyo. Aba bafundisi banokuziqhelanisa nobuchule kwilaphu lesikhundla sentlalo ngokukhuphela amaxabiso obuConfucian ngamazwi nangezenzo. Ubugcisa obuSithandathu yayizinto ezazisenziwa zienkosi ukufundisa zona ngaphaya kwezemfundo.
Ezi zintandathu zobugcisa sisithethe, umculo, ukutola ngetolo, ukuhanjiswa kweenqwelo, ukubiza, kunye nemathematics. Ezi zinto zintandathu zobugcisa ekugqibeleni zakha isiseko semfundo yamaTshayina, ethi, njengakwenye into e China nase mpuma mpuma Asia, ichukunyiswe kakhulu lixabiso leConfucian.
Le migaqo yobuConfucius yakhula kwimpixano yobomi bukaConfucius. Wazalelwa kwihlabathi elalisondele kwisiphithiphithi. Ewe, kwakamsinya nje emva kokusweleka kwakhe, i-China yayiza kungena kwixesha elalisaziwa njengelizwe elalisilwa, ngexesha i-China yahlulwa-hlulwa kunye nesiphithiphithi kangangeminyaka engama-200. UConfucius wayibona le ngxabano kwaye wazama ukusebenzisa iimfundiso zakhe ukuyikhusela ngokubuyisela imvisiswano.
I-Confucianism yinqobo yokuziphatha elawula ubudlelwane babantu kunye nenjongo yayo ephambili kukwazi indlela yokuziphatha ngokunxulumene nabanye. Umntu ohloniphekileyo ufezekisa ulwalamano lobudlelwane kwaye uba ngumntu ozimeleyo, oqonda kakhulu ubukho babanye abantu. I-Confucianism yayingeyongcinga intsha, kodwa yayiluhlobo lwe-rationalism ephuhliswe ngu-ru ("imfundiso yabaphengululi"), ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-ru jia, ru jiao okanye i-ru xue. Inguqulelo kaConfucius yayibizwa ngokuba yiKong jiao (ihlelo lamaConfucius).
Kwimiboniso yayo yokuqala (i-Shang kunye ne-Zhou dynasties [1600-770 BC]) bathumela kubadanisi kunye neemvumi ezazisenza amasiko. Ngokuhamba kwexesha ikota ikhule ingabandakanyi abantu abenze amasiko, kodwa izithethe ngokwabo; ekugqibeleni, i-ru yayiquka i-shamans kunye nootitshala bezibalo, imbali, ukuvumisa ngeenkwenkwezi. UConfucius kunye nabafundi bakhe bayichaze ngokutsha ukuba ibonise ootitshala abaziingcali ngenkcubeko yakudala kunye nezicatshulwa kumasiko, imbali, imibongo kunye nomculo. Kwilizwe laseHan, i-ru yayithetha isikolo kunye nootitshala bayo kwifilosofi yokufunda nokwenza amasiko, imithetho kunye nezithethe zobuConfucianism.
Iiklasi ezintathu zabafundi kunye nootitshala zifunyenwe kwiConfucianism (Zhang Binlin):
iingqondi ebezisebenzela urhulumente
ru ootitshala abafundise ngezifundo zobugcisa ezithandathu
abalandeli bakaConfucius abafunda kwaye basasaza iiclassic zeConfucius
Ngokukhangela kwentliziyo elahlekileyo
Imfundiso ka-ru jiao "yayifuna intliziyo elahlekileyo": inkqubo esisigxina yenguqu yobuqu kunye nokuphuculwa kwempawu. Iingcali ziqwalasele apho (iseti yemithetho yobunini, izithethe, amasiko kunye nokuhombisa) kwaye bafunda imisebenzi yezilumko, bahlala belandela umthetho wokuba ukufunda akufuneki kuyeke.
Ifilosofi kaConfucius ibeka iziseko zokuziphatha, ezopolitiko, ezenkolo, zefilosofi nezemfundo. Ijolise kubudlelwane phakathi kwabantu, obuchazwe ngamaqhekeza endalo yeConfucius; isibhakabhaka (Tian) ngaphezulu, umhlaba (di) ngezantsi kunye nabantu (ren) embindini.
Iinxalenye ezintathu zehlabathi zeConfucian
KumaConfucius, izulu limisela isimilo esihle ebantwini kwaye linamandla okuziphatha. Ngokwemvelo, izulu limele zonke izinto ezingezizo ezomntu, kodwa abantu badlala indima entle ekugcineni imvisiswano phakathi kwezulu nomhlaba. Izinto ezikhoyo ezulwini zinokufundwa, ziqwalaselwe kwaye ziqondwe ngabantu abafunda ngeziganeko zendalo, imicimbi yezentlalo kunye nemibhalo yakudala yakudala; okanye ngokuzibonakalisa kwentliziyo nengqondo kabani.
Iinqobo zokuziphatha ezilungileyo zeConfucianism zithetha ukukhula kwesidima somntu ukuze aqonde amandla akhe, ngoku:
ren (ubuntu)
yi (ukuchaneka)
li (isiko kunye nepropathi)
cheng (ukunyaniseka)
xin (inyani kunye nokugcina ingqibelelo)
zheng (ukuthembeka kwintsetselelwano)
UXiao (isiseko wosapho kunye nemeko)
UZhong yong ("intsingiselo yegolide" ngendlela eqhelekileyo)
Ngaba ubuConfucius yinkolo?
Umxholo wengxoxo phakathi kwabaphengululi banamhlanje kukuba ingaba ubuConfucius bufanelekile njengenkolo. Abanye bathi ayizange ibe yinkolo, abanye bahlala beyinkolo yobulumko okanye imvisiswano, inkolo yelizwe egxile kwizinto zobuntu zobomi. Abantu banokufikelela kwimfezeko kwaye baphile ngokwemigaqo yasezulwini, kodwa abantu kufuneka benze konke okusemandleni abo ukufezekisa imisebenzi yabo yokuziphatha kunye nokuziphatha, ngaphandle koncedo loothixo.
UbuConfucius buthetha ukunqula izinyanya kwaye bukholelwa kwelokuba abantu baneziqwenga ezibini: ihun (umoya ovela ezulwini) kunye nepo (umphefumlo ovela emhlabeni). Xa umntu ezalwa, iihafu ezibini ziyahlangana kwaye xa loo mntu esifa, bohlukana bashiye umhlaba. Idini lenziwa kwizinyanya ezakhe zaphila emhlabeni ngokudlala umculo (ukukhumbula umoya ovela ezulwini) nangokugalela nokusela iwayini (ukuzoba umphefumlo emhlabeni.
Imibhalo kaConfucius
Eli litye le-People's Republic of China liyinxalenye yencwadi ebhalwe ngesandla kaTang Dynasty ka-Cheng Hsuan's Analects of Confucius with Annotations, eyafunyanwa ngo-1967 eTurfan, eSinkiang. IiAnalects zikaConfucius yayiyeyona ncwadi ibalulekileyo yabafundi kwiTshayina yamandulo. Lo mbhalo ubonisa ukufana kweenkqubo zemfundo phakathi kweTurfan nezinye iindawo zase China. Ifoto nguBetmann / Getty Izithombe
UConfucius udume ngokubhala okanye ukuhlela imisebenzi eliqela ngexesha lokudla kwakhe ubomi, wahlulahlulwa njengeeClassics ezintlanu kunye neencwadi ezine. Okubhaliweyo kususela kwiingxelo zembali ukuya kwembongi, kwiimvakalelo ezinokuthanani neembali kumasiko nakwizithethe. Basebenza njengemva yokubonakaliswa korhulumente kunye noorhulumente e-China okokugqibela kwethuba lokulwa ngo-221 BC.