Inkolo yeHlabathi: Yintoni iAutman kubuHindu?

I-atman iguqulelwe kwisiNgesi ngokwahlukileyo njengesiqu, umoya, amandla, umphefumlo okanye umphefumlo. Kukuzibonakalisa ngokwenyani kokuchasene ne-ego; le nkalo yobuqu ehambisa umntu emva kokuba efile okanye eyinxalenye yeBrahman (amandla asemva kwezinto zonke). Inqanaba lokugqibela le-moksha (yenkululeko) kukuqonda ukuba umntu ophetheyo nguBrahman.

Ingcinga yokuba ngu-atman isembindini wazo zonke izikolo ezithandathu ezikhulu ze-Hinduism kwaye yenye yezona zinto ziphakathi kweHindu kunye nobuBuddha. Inkolelo kaBuddha ayiquki ingcinga yomphefumlo ngamnye.

Iindlela eziphambili zokuthatha: nguAman
I-Atman, ethelekiswa ngokuthe ngqo nomphefumlo, ingumbono obalulekileyo kubuHindu. “Ngokwazi uAman” (okanye nokwazi isiqu sakho esibalulekileyo), umntu unokufumana inkululeko yokuvela ngokutsha.
Kukholelwa ukuba uAutman ngumba wobuntu kwaye, kwizikolo ezininzi zamaHindu, wahlukile kwibala.
Ezinye izikolo zenkolo yamaHindu (zontathu) zicinga ngo-atman njengenxalenye ye-Brahman (umoya wehlabathi) ngelixa ezinye (izikolo ezibini) zicinga ngomntu owahlukileyo kwi-Brahman. Kuzo zombini iimeko, kukho unxibelelwano olusondeleyo phakathi kuka-atman noBrahman. Ngokucamngca, iingcali ziyakwazi ukudibanisa okanye ukuqonda unxibelelwano lwazo neBrahman.
Ingcinga ka-atman yaqala ukucetywa eRigveda, isicatshulwa samandulo samaSanskrit esisiseko zezikolo ezithile zobuHindu.
Atman kunye Brahman
Ngelixa i-atman isisiqu somntu, i-Brahman ngumoya ongaguqukiyo kunye nowomoya jikelele okanye ukwazi okungaphantsi kwezinto zonke. Kuxoxwa kwaye kwathiwa amagama ahlukile omnye komnye, kodwa awahlali athathelwa ingqalelo njengahlukileyo; kwezinye izikolo zamaHindu ezokucinga, umntu nguBrahman.

Atman

I-Atman iyafana nembono yasentshona yomphefumlo, kodwa ayifani. Umahluko obonakalayo kukuba izikolo zamaHindu zahlula-hlulwe zaya kwimicimbi ye-atman. AmaHindu amabini ayakholelwa ekubeni umntu ngamnye umanyene kodwa akafani noBrahman. AmaHindu angengobabini, kwelinye icala, akholelwa ukuba umntu oyintloko nguBrahman; ngenxa yoko, zonke izinto zibalulekile kwaye ziyalingana.

Ingcinga yasentshona yomphefumlo ibona kwangaphambili umoya onxibelelene nomntu omnye, nayo yonke imiba ethile (isini, ubuhlanga, ubuntu). Umphefumlo ucingelwa ukuba ubukho xa kuzalwa umntu omnye, kwaye angazalwa ngokutsha ngokuzalwa kwakhona. Umntu, ngokwahlukileyo, (ngokutsho kwezona zikolo zininzi zamaHindu) ekucingelwa ukuba:

Inxalenye yalo naluphi na uhlobo lwento (engabalulekanga ebantwini)
Okuphakade (akuqali ngokuzalwa komntu othile)
Inxalenye okanye ilingana neBrahman (kaThixo)
ukuphinda uzalwe
brahman
IBrahman iyafana ngeendlela ezininzi kumbono wasentshona kaThixo: ongenasiphelo, ongenasiphelo, ongenakuchazeka kwaye ongenakuqondakala kwiingqondo zabantu. Kukho, nangona kunjalo, iingqondo ezininzi zeBrahman. Kwezinye ukutolika, uBrahman luhlobo lwamandla angafikeleliyo aphantsi kwazo zonke izinto. Kwezinye iinkcazo, uBrahman ubonakaliswa ngoothixokazi noothixokazi abanjengoVishnu noShiva.

Ngokwe-theology yamaHindu, umntu oqhubeka nokuzalwa. Umjikelo uphela kuphela ngokuqonda ukuba i-atman yenye ye-Brahman kwaye ngenxa yoko ikunye nayo yonke indalo. Kuyenzeka ukuba ukufezekise oku ngokuphila ngokuziphatha ngokwedarma kunye nekarma.

Imvelaphi
Ukuqala ukukhankanywa okokuqala kuka-atman eRigveda, iseti yeengoma, ilayibrari, amagqabantshintshi kunye nezithethe ezibhalwe kwiSanskrit. Amacandelo eRigveda aphakathi kwezicatshulwa ezindala ezaziwayo; mhlawumbi zabhalwa eIndiya phakathi kowe-1700 nowe-1200 BC

I-Atman sisihloko esibalulekileyo sengxoxo kwiiUpanishads. I-Upanishads, eyabhalwa phakathi kwenkulungwane yesibhozo neyesithandathu BC, ziincoko phakathi kwabafundisi-ntsapho kunye nabafundi egxile kwimibuzo emalunga nemifanekiso malunga nobume bendalo.

Kukho ngaphezulu kwe-Upanishads ezingafaniyo ezingama-200. Abaninzi baphendukela ku-Atman, becacisa ukuba uAtman ungumntu wezinto zonke; ayinakuqondwa ngengqondo kodwa inokuqondwa ngokucamngca. Ngokwe-Upanishads, i-atman kunye neBrahman ziyinxalenye yento enye; uAman ubuyela e-Brahman xa umntu okhululayo ekugqibeleni ekhululiwe kwaye engasaphindi azalwe. Le yokubuya, okanye ukuphinda ubonwe kwakhona e-Brahman, ibizwa ngokuba yi-moksha.

Iingcamango zika-atman kunye ne-Brahman zichazwa ngokuthe gabalala kumafama aphezulu; Umzekelo, uChandogya Upanishad ubandakanya le ndima apho u-Uddalaka akhanyisela unyana wakhe, uSvetaketu:

Ngelixa imilambo ephuma empuma nasentshona iyahlangana
elwandle kwaye ube kunye nalo,
ngokulibala ukuba yahlukile imilambo,
ke ngoko zonke izidalwa ziyalahleka ukwahlukana kwazo
xa bathi ekugqibeleni badibane babe buBantu Bunyulu.
Akukho nto ingaveli kuye.
Kuzo zonke ezizinto zinzulu.
Uyinyaniso; yinto ephezulu yesiqu.
Nguwe lowo Shvetaketu, uyiyo.

Izikolo zeengcinga
Kukho izikolo ezithandathu eziphambili ze-Hinduism: Isihloko, iVaisesika, iSamkhya, iYoga, iMimamsa neVedanta. Zonke ezi zinto zintandathu zamkela inyani ka-Atman kwaye zigxininisa ukubaluleka "kokwazi uAntane" (ulwazi-ngesiqu), kodwa elowo uguqula isigama ngokwahlukileyo ngokwahlukileyo. Ngokubanzi, i-atman yenzelwe njengo:

Ukwahlula phakathi kwe-ego okanye ubuntu
Ayichaphazeli kwaye ayichukunyiswa zeziganeko
Uhlobo lokwenyani okanye isiqu sakho
Ungcwele kwaye umsulwa
Isikolo saseVedanta
Isikolo saseVedanta empeleni sinezikolo eziziisekondari ezininzi ezicinga nge-atman, kwaye andivumi njalo. Umzekelo:

U-Advaita Vedanta uthi i-atman ifana ne-Brahman. Ngamanye amagama, bonke abantu, izilwanyana kunye nezinto ziyinxalenye efanayo yobomi. Ukubandezeleka kwabantu kubangelwa ikakhulu kukungazi kwe-Brahman. Xa ukuziqonda ngokupheleleyo kufezekisiwe, abantu banokufumana inkululeko nokuba baphila.
UDvaita Vedanta, ngokuchaseneyo, yintanda-bulumko emibini. Ngokuka abo balandela iinkolelo zikaDvaita Vedanta, kukho umntu ohlukileyo kunye neParamatma (eyongamileyo u-Atma). Inkululeko inokwenzeka kuphela emva kokuba umntu efile, xa umntu onokuthi (okanye engenakukwazi) ukusondela (nangona engeyonxalenye yeBrahman).
Isikolo iVedanta Akshar-Purushottam sithetha ngomntu njengejiva. Abalandeli besi sikolo bakholelwa ukuba umntu ngamnye uneyakhe eyahlukileyo i-jiva eveza umntu. I-jiva ihamba ukusuka emzimbeni ukuya emzimbeni xa uzalwa nokufa.
Isikolo seZifundo
Isikolo sesifundo sibandakanya uninzi lwabafundi abanemibono echaphazele ezinye izikolo zobuHindu. Izifundo zezifundo zifundisa ukuba ukwaziwa kuhlala kuyinxalenye yomntu kunye nokusebenzisa iingxoxo ukuxhasa ubukho bomntu njengesiqu sakho okanye umphefumlo. I-Nyayasutra, isicatshulwa seNqaku sakudala, esahlula isenzo somntu (njengokujonga okanye ukubona) kwizenzo zika-Atman (ukufuna nokuqonda).

Isikolo saseVaiseshika
Esi sikolo se-Hinduism sichazwa njenge-atomistic ngengqondo yokuba iinxalenye ezininzi zenza le nto iyinyani. Kwisikolo saseVaiseshika kukho izinto ezine zanaphakade: ixesha, indawo, ingqondo kunye nomntu. U-Atman uchazwa kule filosofi njengeqoqo lezinto ezininzi zanaphakade nezokomoya. Ukwazi uAtman kukuqonda nje ukuba yintoni uAtman, kodwa akukhokeleli kubumbano kunye neBrahman okanye ulonwabo lukanaphakade.

Isikolo saseMimamsa
IMimamsa sisikolo sobuHindu. Ngokungafaniyo nezinye izikolo, uchaza umntu njengofana ne-ego, okanye isiqu sakhe. Izenzo ezenziwayo zinefuthe elihle kumntu wasemzini, ukwenza isimilo kunye nemisebenzi elungileyo ibaluleke kakhulu kwesi sikolo.

Isikolo Samkhya
Kanye njengesikolo i-Advaita Vedanta, amalungu esikolo Samkhya abona umntu osisiseko njengesiqu somntu kunye ne-ego njengonobangela wokubandezeleka. Ngokungafaniyo no-Advaita Vedanta, nangona kunjalo, uSamkhya uthi kukho inani elingenasiphelo lomntu ohlukileyo kunye nomntu ngamnye, umntu ngamnye kwindalo iphela.

Isikolo saseYoga
Isikolo saseYoga sinentanda-bulumko efanayo nesikolo saseSamkhya: eYoga kukho abantu abaninzi abazii-alman I-Yoga, nangona kunjalo, ibandakanya inani leendlela "zokwazi umntu" okanye ukufezekisa ulwazi lwakho.