Inkolo yehlabathi: Imbono yobuYuda ngokuzibulala

Ukuzibulala kuyinyani enzima yehlabathi esiphila kulo kwaye kuye kwathwaxa uluntu ngokuhamba kwexesha kwaye ezinye zeerekhodi zokuqala esizifumene eTanakh. Kodwa ubuYuda buhlangabezana njani nokuzibulala?

Imvelaphi
Ukuvinjelwa kokuzibulala akuveli kumyalelo othi "Uze ungabulali" ( Eksodus 20: 13 kunye neDuteronomi 5: 17 ). Ukuzibulala kunye nokubulala zizono ezibini ezahlukeneyo kubuYuda.

Ngokutsho kweendidi zoorabhi, ukubulala kusisono phakathi komntu noThixo kwakunye nomntu nomntu, ngoxa ukuzibulala kusisono esiphakathi komntu noThixo.” Ngenxa yesi sizathu, ukuzibulala kugqalwa njengesono esinzulu gqitha. Ekugqibeleni, kujongwa njengesenzo sokukhanyela ukuba ubomi bomntu busisipho esivela kuThixo yaye kugqalwa njengokuqhwatywa kwezandla phambi koThixo ngenxa yokunciphisa ubomi abunikwe nguThixo. Ngapha koko, uThixo “wadala (ihlabathi) ukuba limiwe” ( Isaya 45:18 ).

I-Pirkei Avot 4:21 (IiNqobo zokuziphatha kooTata) nayo ijongana noku:

“Nangona wawumiliselwe wena, nokuba uthe wazaliswa wena, nokuba udla ubomi, nokuba udla ubomi, nokuba uthe wafa, nokuba emva kwakho uya kuphendula, uphendule phambi koKumkani kaKumkani, oyiNgcwele, makabongwe. . "
Ewe, akukho sithintelo esithe ngqo sokuzibulala kwiTorah, kodwa ukwalelwa kwiTalmud yeBava Kama 91b kukhankanyiwe. Ukuvalwa kokuzibulala kusekelwe kwiGenesis 9:5 , ethi: “Igazi lenu, igazi lemiphefumlo yenu, ndiya kulifuna. Kukholelwa ukuba oku kuquka ukuzibulala. Ngokukwanjalo, ngokutsho kweDuteronomi 4:15 , “Uze uwugcine ngenyameko umphefumlo wakho” yaye ukuzibulala bekungayi kukuqwalasela oko.

Ngokutsho kukaMaimonides, owathi, “Lowo uzibulalayo unetyala legazi” ( Hilchot Avelut, isahluko 1 ), akukho kufa ngesandla senkundla ngokuzibulala, kuphela “kukufa ngesandla sezulu” ( Rotzeah 2 :2-3).

Iintlobo zokuzibulala
Ngokwesiqhelo, ukuzibulala ngokuzila akuvumelekanga, ngaphandle komnye.

“Lo ngumgaqo oqhelekileyo ophathelele ukuzibulala: sifumana zonke izizathu esinokuzithethelela size sithi oko wayekwenza kuba wayesoyika okanye esezintlungwini ezingathethekiyo, okanye ingqondo yakhe yayingalungelelananga, okanye ebona ukuba kulungile ukwenza oko wayekuko. ukwenza ngenxa yokuba wayesoyika ukuba ukuba wayephila wayeya kwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho ... Akunakwenzeka ukuba umntu enze isenzo esinjalo sobudenge ngaphandle kokuba ingqondo yakhe iphazamisekile "(Pirkei Avot, Yoreah Deah 345: 5)

Ezi ntlobo zokuzibulala zihlelwa njengeTalmud

B'daat, okanye umntu onawo ngokupheleleyo amandla akhe omzimba nengqondo xa ezithatha ubomi bakhe.
UAnus okanye umntu “ophantsi kokunyanzelwa” kwaye akanaxanduva ngezenzo zakhe ngokuthatha ubomi bakhe.

Umntu wokuqala akazilelwa ngokwesiko kwaye owesibini. Ikhowudi yomthetho kaJoseph Karo yamaYuda uShulchan Archuch, kunye nabasemagunyeni abaninzi bezizukulwana zamva nje, baye bamisela ukuba uninzi lwabantu abazibulalayo kufuneka bafaneleke njengeempundu. Ngenxa yoko, abantu abaninzi abazibulalayo abaphenduli ngezenzo zabo yaye banokuzilelwa ngendlela efanayo naleyo umYuda ofa ngayo ukufa okungokwemvelo.

Kukwakho imida yokuzibulala efana nokufela ukholo. Noko ke, kwanakwiimeko eziqatha, amanye amanani akazange anikezele koko kwakunokwenziwa lula ngokuzibulala. Eyona idumileyo yimeko kaRabhi uHananiah ben Teradyon owathi, emva kokuba esongelwe kumsongo weTorah ngamaRoma waza watshiswa ngomlilo, wala ukuphefumla umlilo ukuze afe ngokukhawuleza, esithi: “Othe wawufaka enyameni umphefumlo wakhe nguLowo. . ukuyisusa; akukho mntu unokuzitshabalalisa” (Avodah Zarah 18a).

Ukuzibulala ngokwembali kubuYuda
Kweyoku-1 kaSamuweli 31:4-5, uSawule uyazibulala ngokuwela phezu kwekrele lakhe. Oku kuzibulala kukhuselwa entliziyweni yingxoxo yokuba uSawule wayesoyika ukungcungcuthekiswa ngamaFilisti ukuba wayenokubanjwa, nto leyo eyayinokuphumela ekubeni abulawe kuzo zombini ezi meko.

Ukuzibulala kukaSamson kuBagwebi 16:30 kukhuselwa njengengxaki ngengxoxo yokuba yayisisenzo sikaKiddush Hashem, okanye ukungcwaliswa kwegama likaThixo, ukulwa nokugculelwa kukaThixo ngabahedeni.

Mhlawumbi esona siganeko sidumileyo sokuzibulala kubuYuda sibhalwe nguJosephus kwiMfazwe yamaYuda apho ekhumbula ukuzibulala kwabantu abaninzi ekuthiwa bangama-960 amadoda, abafazi nabantwana kwinqaba yamandulo yaseMasada ngo-AD 73. Kukhunjulwa njengesenzo sobugorha sokufel’ ukholo ubuso bomkhosi wamaRoma owalandelayo. Kamva iziphatha-mandla zoorabhi zathandabuza ukuba semthethweni kwesi senzo sokufel’ ukholo ngenxa yengcamango yokuba ukuba babethinjwe ngamaRoma, babeya kusindiswa, kwanokuba babeza kukhonza ubomi babo bonke njengamakhoboka kubathimbi babo.

KumaXesha Aphakathi, kwabhalwa intaphane yamabali okufel’ ukholo ngoxa umntu ebhaptizwa ngenkani aze afe. Kwakhona, iziphatha-mandla zoorabhi azivumelani nokuba ezi zenzo zokuzibulala zazivumelekile xa kuqwalaselwa iimeko. Kwiimeko ezininzi, imizimba yabo bathatha ubomi babo, ngenxa yaso nasiphi na isizathu, bangcwatywa emacaleni amangcwaba (Yoreah Deah 345).

Thandazela ukufa
UMordekai Joseph waseIzbica, urabhi wamaHasid wenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, waxubusha enoba umntu uvumelekile na ukuthandaza kuThixo ukuba afe ukuba umntu akanakucinga ngokuzibulala, kodwa ubomi beemvakalelo buyongamela.

Olu hlobo lomthandazo lufumaneka kwiindawo ezimbini kwiTanakh: nguYona kuYona 4:4 noEliya kweyoku-1 yooKumkani 19:4. UMordekayi uziqonda ezi ndinyana njengezingasikhangiyo isibongozo sokufa, esithi umntu akafanele acatshukiswe ziimpazamo zabantu bexesha lakhe ade azifake entliziyweni yakhe aze anqwenele ukuba ngewayengasaphili ukuze aqhubeke ebona yaye ejamelana neempazamo zakhe.

Ngaphezu koko, uHoni uMenzi Wesangqa waziva elilolo kangangokuba emva kokuba ethandaze kuThixo ukuba amvumele afe, uThixo wavuma ukuba afe ( Ta'anit 23a ).