I-Nirvana kunye nengcinga yenkululeko kuBuddha

Igama elithi nirvana libanzi kakhulu kubantu abathetha isiNgesi kangangokuba intsingiselo yalo yokwenyani ihlala ilahlekile. Igama limkelwe ukuba lithethe "ubumnandi" okanye "ukuzola". INirvana ikwayigama leqela elidumileyo lendawo yaseMelika, kunye neemveliso zabathengi abaninzi, ukusuka kumanzi ebhotile ukuya kwiziqholo. Kodwa yintoni? Kwaye ilingana njani neBuddhism?

Intsingiselo yeNirvana
Kwinkcazo yokomoya, igama elithi nirvana (okanye i-nibbana in) ligama lakudala laseSanskrit elithetha into efana "nokucima umlilo", kunye nemeko yokucima idangatye. Le ntsingiselo ichane ngakumbi ikhokelele abantu abaninzi baseNtshona ukuba bacinge ukuba injongo kaBuddha kukurhoxisa. Kodwa ayisiyiyo i-Buddhism okanye i-nirvana konke konke. Inkululeko ibandakanya ukugqitywa kwemeko ye-samsara, ukubandezeleka kwe-dukkha; ISamsara ichazwa ngokubanzi njengomjikelo wokuzalwa, ukufa kunye nokuzalwa ngokutsha, nangona kuBuddha oku akufani nokuzalwa ngokutsha kwemiphefumlo edakumbileyo, njengoko kunjalo kubuHindu, kodwa kunoko kukuzalwa ngokutsha kweempawu zekarmic. INirvana ikwabizwa ukuba iyakhululwa kulo mjikelo kunye ne-dukkha, uxinzelelo / iintlungu / ukungoneliseki ebomini.

Kwintshumayelo yakhe yokuqala emva kokukhanyiselwa, uBuddha washumayela iinyaniso ezine eziBalaseleyo. Ngokusisiseko, iinyani zisicacisa isizathu sokuba ubomi buxinzeleleke kwaye busiphoxe. I-Buddha isinike isisombululo kunye nendlela eya kwinkululeko, eyi-Eightfold Path.

I-Buddhism, ke, ayisiyonkqubo yenkolelo njengenkqubo evumela ukuba siyeke ukulwa.

INirvana ayisiyondawo
Ke, yakuba ikhululiwe, kwenzeka ntoni emva koko? Izikolo ezahlukeneyo zeBuddhism ziyaqonda nirvana ngeendlela ezininzi, kodwa ngokubanzi ziyavuma ukuba i-nirvana ayiyindawo. Ifana kakhulu nemeko yobukho. Nangona kunjalo, uBuddha wathi kwakhona nayiphi na into esingayithetha okanye siyicinge nge-nirvana iya kuba ayilunganga kuba ihluke ngokupheleleyo kubukho bethu obuqhelekileyo. I-Nirvana ingaphezulu kwendawo, ixesha kunye nenkcazo, kwaye ke ngenxa yoko ulwimi alunantsingiselo. Kunokubonwa kuphela.

Izibhalo ezininzi kunye namagqabantshintshi athetha ngokungena kwi-nirvana, kodwa (ngokungqongqo), i-nirvana ayinakungena ngendlela efanayo singena kwigumbi okanye ngendlela esinokucinga ngayo xa singena ezulwini. U-Theravadin Thanissaro Bhikkhu uthe:

"... Akukho samsara okanye i-nirvana yindawo. ISamsara yinkqubo yokudala iindawo, kunye nelizwe liphela (oku kubizwa ngokuba) kukuzula-zula kuzo (oku kubizwa ngokuba kukuzalwa). INirvana sisiphelo sale nkqubo. "
Ewe, izizukulwane ezininzi zamaBuddhist ziye zacinga ukuba i-nirvana yindawo, kuba ukusikelwa umda kolwimi kusinika enye indlela yokuthetha ngale meko yokuba. Kukho nenkolelo yakudala edumileyo yokuba umntu kufuneka azalwe ngokutsha njengendoda ukuze angene kwi-nirvana. I-Buddha yezembali ayizange ithi nantoni na ngohlobo, kodwa inkolelo ethandwayo ibonakaliswe kwezinye zeMahayana sutras. Olu luvo lwamkelwa kakhulu kwiVimalakirti Sutra, nangona kunjalo, apho kucacisiwe ukuba bobabini abantu basetyhini kunye nabantu ababekekileyo banokukhanyiselwa kwaye banamava e-nirvana.

I-Nibbana kwi-Theravada Buddhism
I-Theravada Buddhism ichaza iintlobo ezimbini ze-nirvana, okanye i-Nibbana, kuba i-Theravadin ihlala isebenzisa igama elithi Pali. Eyokuqala ngu "Nibbana kunye namasele". Oku kuthelekiswa ne-embers ehlala ifudumele emva kokuba amalangatye sele ephumile kwaye ichaza isidalwa esiphilayo esikhanyisiweyo okanye isihlwitha. I-arahant isabazi ubumnandi kunye nentlungu, kodwa ayisaboshelwe kubo.

Uhlobo lwesibini yi-parinibbana, eyokugqibela okanye epheleleyo ye-nibbana "efakwe" ekufeni. Ngoku i-embers zintle. I-Buddha ifundise ukuba eli lizwe alikho - kuba oko kunokuthiwa kubekhona kunqunyelwe ngexesha kunye nendawo - okanye nokungabikho. Lo mboniso ubonakalayo ubonakalisa ubunzima obubakho xa ulwimi oluqhelekileyo luzama ukuchaza imeko yokuba ayinakuchazwa.

I-Nirvana eMahayana Buddhism
Enye yeempawu ezahlukileyo zeMahayana Buddhism sisifungo se-bodhisattva. I-Mahayana Buddhist inikezelwe ekukhanyisweni okuphezulu kwabo bonke abantu kwaye ke bakhetha ukuhlala emhlabeni ukunceda abanye kunokuba batshintshe ekukhanyiseni kwabantu. Ubuncinci zizikolo ezithile zeMahayana, kuba yonke into ikhona, "umntu" nirvana akaqwalaselwa. Ezi zikolo zobuBhuda zixhalabele ubomi beli lizwe kakhulu, hayi ukulahlwa.

Ezinye izikolo zeMahayana Buddhism zikwabandakanya iimfundiso zokuba u-samsara kunye ne-nirvana abahlukanga. Umntu oqondileyo okanye oqondileyo ukuba lilize kwale nto, uyakuqonda ukuba iNirvana kunye ne-samsara aziyonto ichasene noko, kodwa zizele ngokupheleleyo. Njengoko i-inyaniso yethu engaphakathi iyindalo kaBuddha, zombini i-nirvana kunye ne-samsara ziyimbonakaliso yendalo yokucacisa okungenanto kwengqondo yethu, kwaye i-nirvana inokubonwa njengeyona nyani yokucocwa eyinyani ye-samsara. Ngolwazi oluthe kratya kule ngongoma, jonga "Intliziyo Sutra" kunye "neNyaniso ezimbini".