UMTHANDAZO KU SANT 'AGOSTINO ukucela ufefe

Ngeyona ntuthuzelo iphilileyo wena, oh oNgcwele oNgcwele ozukileyo, oyizise kule ngcwele
UMonica unyoko kunye neCawe iphela, xa uphiliswa ngumzekelo
yeVittorino yaseRoma kwaye ukusuka ngoku kuluntu, ngoku iintetho zabucala zikaBishophu omkhulu
UMilan, uSt. Ambrose, kunye noSt. USimplician noAlipio, bagqiba kwelokuba baguquke,
Sifumane sonke ubabalo lokuqhubeka nokufumana imizekelo kunye neengcebiso
ngokulungile, ukuze sizise ezulwini novuyo olungako ngobomi bethu bexesha elizayo
lusizi esilubangele kunye neempazamo ezininzi zobomi bethu bangaphambili
nyota

Silandele u-Augustine ozulazulayo kufuneka simlandele. Deh! ukuba
Umzekelo wakhe usikhokelela ukuba sifune ukuxolelwa kwaye sinqumle zonke izinto ezibangelwa lulo
ukuwa kwethu.
nyota

UAgostino d'Ippona (uguqulelo lwesiTaliyane lwesiLatin u-Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis) wobuhlanga beBerber, kodwa eyinkcubeko yamaGrike namaRoma, wazalelwa eTagaste (ngoku eyiSouk-Ahras eAlgeria, ekumgama omalunga neekhilomitha ezili-100 kumazantsi-ntshona eHippo) nge-13 Ngo-Novemba u-354 usapho olukumgangatho ophakathi wabanini bamashishini amancinci. Utata uPatrizio wayengumhedeni, ngelixa umama uMonica (jonga nge-27 ka-Agasti), uAgastine wayengowamazibulo, endaweni yoko wayengumKristu; Nguye owamnika imfundo yenkolo kodwa ngaphandle kokubhaptiza, njengesiqhelo ngelo xesha, efuna ukulinda iminyaka yobudala.

UAugustine wayenobuntwana obudlamkileyo, kodwa izono zokwenyani zaqala kamva. Emva kwezifundo zakhe zokuqala eTagaste naseMadaura ekufuphi, waya eCarthage ngo-371, encediswa yinkosi yendawo esisityebi egama linguRomaniano. Wayeneminyaka eli-16 ubudala kwaye wayephila ebusheni ngendlela evuya kakhulu kwaye, ngelixa wayefunda kwisikolo seengcali, waqala ukuhlala nentombazana yaseCarthage, nayo eyamnika, ngo-372, unyana, uAdeodato. Kwakukule minyaka apho ubizo lwakhe lokuqala njengefilosofi lukhula, ngenxa yokufunda incwadi kaCicero, "u-Ortensio", eyayimchukumisile, kuba umbhali waseLatin wathi yifilosofi kuphela eyanceda ukuthanda ububi nokusebenzisa isidima.
Ngelishwa, ngelo xesha, ukufundwa kweZibhalo Ezingcwele kwakungathethi nto kwingqondo yakhe kwaye inkolo eyayibizwa ngunina ibonakala kuye "njengeenkolelo zobuntwana", ngenxa yoko wafuna inyaniso kwiManichaeism. (IManichaeism yayiyinkolo yaseMpuma eyasungulwa ngenkulungwane yesithathu ye-AD nguMani, eyadibanisa ubuKristu kunye nenkolo yeZoroaster; umgaqo wayo osisiseko yayikukubambisana, oko kukuthi, inkcaso eqhubekayo yemigaqo emibini kaThixo, enye ilungile kwaye enye imbi, olawula umhlaba kwanomphefumlo womntu).
Emva kokugqiba izifundo zakhe, wabuyela ngo-374 eTagaste, apho, ngoncedo lomncedisi wakhe waseRomania, wavula isikolo segrama kunye ne-rhetoric. Wayebanjelwe ekhayeni lakhe kunye nosapho lonke, kuba umama wakhe uMonica, engabelani nokhetho lwenkolo yakhe, wayekhethe ukwahlukana noAugustine; Kuphela emva koko wamphindisela ekhayeni lakhe, ephuphe ngephupha lokubuyela kwinkolo yobuKristu.
Emva kweminyaka emibini ngo-376, wagqiba kwelokuba ashiye idolophu encinci yaseTagaste abuyele eCarthage kwaye, waphinda wancediswa ngumhlobo wakhe waseRomaniano, awayeguqukele kwiManichaeism, wavula nesikolo, apho wafundisa khona iminyaka esixhenxe, ngelishwa. nabafundi abangaqeqeshwanga kakuhle.
UAugustine, nangona kunjalo, phakathi kwamaManichean akazange ayifumane impendulo eqinisekileyo kumnqweno wakhe wenyani kwaye emva kwentlanganiso nobhishophu wabo, uFausto, eyenzeka ngo-382 eCarthage, owayefanele aphelise onke amathandabuzo, waphuma engaqinisekanga kwaye ke ngoko Mka kude neManichaeism. Unqwenela amava amatsha kwaye udiniwe kukungaziphathi kakuhle kwabafundi baseCarthage, uAugustine, echasa imithandazo kanina amthandayo, owayefuna ukumgcina eAfrika, wagqiba kwelokuba afudukele eRoma, ikomkhulu lobukumkani, kunye nosapho lwakhe luphela.
Ngo-384 wakwazi ukufumana, ngenkxaso yomphathi waseRoma, uQuinto Aurelio Simmaco, usihlalo ongenamntu weengxoxo eMilan, apho wafudukela khona, wafika ngo-385, ngequbuliso, ngunina uMonica, owaziyo umsebenzi wangaphakathi wonyana wakhe , wayesecaleni kwakhe ngomthandazo kunye neenyembezi ngaphandle kokunyanzelisa nantoni na kuye, kodwa kungelosi yokukhusela.

Ngasekuqaleni kweLente 387, kunye no-Adeodato noAlipio, uthathe indawo yakhe phakathi kwabo "banobuchule" bokubhaptizwa ngu-Ambrose ngomhla wePasika. UAgostino wahlala eMilan kwada kwindla, eqhubeka nemisebenzi yakhe: "De immortalitate animae kunye noDe musica" Emva koko, xa wayeza kungena e-Ostia, uMonica wanikela ngomphefumlo wakhe kuThixo.U-Augustine, ke, wahlala iinyanga ezininzi e-Roma ejongene ikakhulu nokuchaswa kweManichaeism nokwandisa ulwazi lwakhe lweemonki kunye nezithethe zeCawe.

Ngo-388 wabuyela eTagaste, apho wathengisa khona izinto zakhe ezimbalwa, esasaza ingeniso yakhe kumahlwempu kwaye, emva kokuba ethathe umhlala-phantsi kunye nabahlobo kunye nabafundi, waseka indawo encinci, apho iimpahla zazisepropathi yomntu wonke. Kodwa emva kwethutyana ukuxinana rhoqo kwabemi belizwe, ukucela ingcebiso kunye noncedo, kuphazamise ukukhumbula okufanelekileyo, kwafuneka ukufumana enye indawo kwaye uAugustine wamkhangela eHippo. Wazifumana enethuba kwicawa yasekuhlaleni, apho uBhishophu uValerio wayecebisa abathembekileyo ukuba bangcwalise umbingeleli onokumnceda, ngakumbi ekushumayeleni; Ukuqonda ubukho bakhe, abathembekileyo baqala ukukhwaza: "Augustine mfundisi!". Ngelo xesha ixabiso elikhulu lanikwa ukuthanda kwabantu, kuthathelwa ingqalelo intando kaThixo kwaye nangona wayezama ukwala, kuba le yayingeyiyo indlela efunwayo, uAugustine wanyanzelwa ukuba ayamkele. Isixeko saseHippo safumana lukhulu, umsebenzi wakhe wawuneziqhamo kakhulu; Kuqala wacela ubishophu ukuba atshintshele i-monasteri yakhe eHippo, ukuze aqhubeke nokukhetha kwakhe ubomi, okwathi kamva kwaba ngumthombo wobufundisi bababingeleli noobhishophu baseAfrika.

Inyathelo lika-Augustine labeka iziseko zokuhlaziywa kwesiko labefundisi. Ubuye wabhala umgaqo, owathi emva koko wamkelwa nguLuntu lweeCanon rhoqo okanye iiAugustini ngenkulungwane yesithoba.
Ubhishophu uValerio, esoyika ukuba uAgostino uza kufuduselwa kwenye indawo, weyisela abantu kunye nentengiso ye-Numidia, Megalio di Calama, ukuba bangcwalise abe ngumbhishophu omkhulu we-Hippo. Ngo-397, emva kokuba uValerio eswelekile, wangena esikhundleni sakhe njengomnini. Kwakufuneka ashiye iholo yoonongendi enze umsebenzi wakhe onzulu wokuba ngumalusi wemiphefumlo, awayeqhuba kakuhle kakhulu, kangangokuba igama lakhe njengobhishophu okhanyisiweyo lasasazeka kuzo zonke iicawa zase-Afrika.

Kwangaxeshanye wabhala imisebenzi yakhe: USt Augustine wayengomnye wabona bantu babalaseleyo kwezakha zaziwa ngabantu. Akanconywa kuphela ngenani lemisebenzi yakhe, ebandakanya ukubhalwa kwembali yakhe, ifilosofi, uxolo, ukukholelwa, ukukhohlisa, isimilo, imibhalo ebhaliweyo, ingqokelela yeeleta, iintshumayelo kunye nemibongo (ebhalwe kwimetric engeyoyakudala, kodwa egxininisa, ukuququzelela ukunkqaya ngabantu abangafundanga), kodwa kunye nezifundo ezahlukeneyo ezagubungela lonke ulwazi lomntu. Uhlobo awacebisa ngalo umsebenzi wakhe usenomtsalane onamandla kumfundi namhlanje.
Owona msebenzi wakhe udumileyo yi-Confessiones (The Confessions). Iindlela ezininzi zobomi benkolo zibhekisa kuye, kubandakanya noMyalelo ka-Augustine (OSA), obizwa ngokuba zii-Augustinians: zisasazeka kwihlabathi liphela, kunye neAugustinians (OAD) kunye neAugustinian Recollects (OAR), kwiCawe yamaKatolika lelona lifa likhulu lomoya oyingcwele weHippo, oMthetho wakhe wobomi uphefumlelwe ngamanye amabandla amaninzi, ukongeza kwiiCanon rhoqo zikaSt Augustine.
"Ukuvuma okanye ukuvuma" (malunga ne-400) libali lentliziyo yakhe. Undoqo wengcinga ka-Augustine okhoyo kwi "Confessions" ilele kwinto yokuba umntu akakwazi ukuziqhelanisa yedwa: ngokukodwa ngokukhanya kukaThixo, ekufuneka ethobele kuye kuzo zonke iimeko, umntu uya kuba nakho ukufumana ubomi bakhe. Igama "ukuvuma" liqondwa ngokwebhayibhile (i-confiteri), hayi njengokuvuma ityala okanye ibali, kodwa njengomthandazo womphefumlo obabaza isenzo sikaThixo ngaphakathi. Kuyo yonke imisebenzi yeNgcwele, akukho namnye oye wafundwa jikelele kwaye wathandwa. Akukho ncwadi kuncwadi luphela efana nayo kuhlalutyo olungena kwinto enzima kakhulu yomphefumlo, kwiimvakalelo zonxibelelwano, okanye kubunzulu bezimvo zefilosofi.

Ngo-429 wagula kakhulu, ngexa uMvubu waye wangqingwa iinyanga ezintathu yiVandals eyayilawulwa nguGenseric († 477), emveni kokuba bezise ukufa nentshabalalo kuyo yonke indawo; ubishophu ongcwele wayenombono wesiphelo sehlabathi esikufuphi; Usweleke nge-28 Agasti 430 eneminyaka engama-76. Umzimba wakhe webiwe kwiiVandals ngexesha lomlilo kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kweHippo, emva koko wathunyelwa e-Cagliari ngubhishophu u-Fulgenzio di Ruspe, malunga ne-508-517 cc, kunye nezinye izinto zabanye oobhishophu base-Afrika.
Malunga no-725 umzimba wakhe waphinda watshintshelwa ePavia, kwiCawe yase-S.Pietro eCiel d'Oro, engekude kangako neendawo zokuguquka kwakhe, ngukumkani owayehlonela uLombard uLiutprando († 744), owayewukhululile. NgamaSaracens eSardinia.