Lwaluphi olona lwimi lwantlandlolo lweBhayibhile?
Isibhalo siqale ngolwimi lwakudala kakhulu kwaye saphela ngolwimi olunobunkunkqele ngakumbi kunesiNgesi.
Imbali yeelwimi zeBhayibhile iquka iilwimi ezintathu: isiHebhere, isiKoine okanye isiGrike esiqhelekileyo nesiAramaic. Ngaphezulu kweenkulungwane ezabhalwa iTestamente eNdala, nangona kunjalo, isiHebhere savela saquka izinto ezenza kube lula ukufunda nokubhala.
UMoses wahlala phantsi wabhala amagama okuqala ePentatiki, ngo-1400 BC Kwakuyiminyaka engama-3.000 1500 kuphela kamva, ngo-XNUMX AD, eyathi iBhayibhile yonke yaguqulelwa esiNgesini, nto leyo eyenza ukuba olu xwebhu lube yenye yezona ncwadi zindala ezikhoyo. Nangona indala, amaKristu ayithathela ingqalelo iBhayibhile ukuba ifike ngexesha kwaye iluncedo kuba iliLizwi likaThixo eliphefumlelweyo.
IsiHebhere: Ulwimi lweTestamente eNdala
IsiHeberu sesamaqela eelwimi zamaSemite, usapho lweelwimi zakudala kwiFertile Crescent eyayiquka isiAkkadia, ulwimi lukaNimrod kwiGenesis 10; IsiUgarit, ulwimi lwamaKanan; kunye nesiAramiki, esetyenziswa ngokuxhaphakileyo kubukumkani basePersi.
IsiHebhere sasibhalwa ukusuka ekunene ukuya ekhohlo kwaye sasinamaqabane angama-22. Kwimo yokuqala, zonke iileta zazihamba kunye. Emva koko, indawo yokumisa kunye neempawu zokubiza zongezwa ukulungiselela ukufundwa. Njengoko ulwimi luqhubela phambili, kufakwe izikhamiso ukucacisa amagama ebefiphele.
Ukwakhiwa kwesivakalisi sesiHebhere kunokubeka isenzi kuqala, kulandele isibizo okanye isimelabizo kunye nezinto. Kuba olu luhlu lwamagama lwahlukile, isivakalisi sesiHebhere asinakutolikwa igama negama esiXhoseni. Enye ingxaki kukuba igama lesiHebhere linokuthatha indawo yebinzana eliqhelekileyo elisetyenzisiweyo, ekufuneka laziwe ngumfundi.
Iilwimi ezininzi zesiHebhere ziye zangenisa amagama asemzini kwisicatshulwa. Umzekelo, iGenesis iqulethe amabinzana amaJiphutha ngelixa uYoshuwa, aBagwebi noRute bequka amagama amaKanan. Ezinye zeencwadi zeziprofeto zisebenzisa amagama aseBhabheli, aphenjelelwa kukuthinjwa.
Ukutsiba okucacileyo kweza nokugqitywa kweSeptuagint, inguqulelo ka-200 BC yeBhayibhile yesiHebhere kwisiGrike. Lo msebenzi ubandakanya iincwadi ezingama-39 zeTestamente eNdala kunye nezinye iincwadi ezibhalwe emva kukaMalaki naphambi kweTestamente eNtsha. Njengoko amaJuda ayesasazekile kwaSirayeli kule minyaka idlulileyo, balibale indlela yokufunda isiHebhere kodwa banokufunda isiGrike, ulwimi oluqhelekileyo lwelo xesha.
UmGrike wavula iTestamente eNtsha kwiiNtlanga
Xa ababhali beBhayibhile baqala ukubhala iivangeli kunye neencwadi, bashiya isiHebhere baphethukela kulwimi olwaludumile ngexesha labo, koine okanye isiGrike esiqhelekileyo. IsiGrike yayilulwimi olumanyanisayo, olwalusasazeke ngexesha lokoyisa kuka-Alexander the Great, owayenomnqweno wokuba amaHellenize okanye asasaze inkcubeko yamaGrike kwihlabathi liphela. Ubukhosi buka-Alexander babugubungela iMeditera, uMntla Afrika kunye neendawo zaseIndiya, ke ukusetyenziswa kwesiGrike kwaba yinto ephambili.
IsiGrike kwakulula ukuthetha nokuthetha kunesiHebhere kuba sasisebenzisa oonobumba abapheleleyo, kuquka izikhamiso. Ikwanaso nesigama esityebileyo, esivumela ukuqondwa ngokuthe ngqo kwentsingiselo. Umzekelo omnye ngamagama amane ahlukeneyo esiGrike athetha ngothando asetyenziswa eBhayibhileni.
Olunye uncedo kukuba isiGrike savula iTestamente eNtsha kwiiNtlanga okanye kwabo bangengomaYuda. Oku kwakubaluleke kakhulu kubuvangeli ngenxa yokuba isiGrike sasivumela iiNtlanga ukuba zizifundele ziziqonde iincwadi zeVangeli neeleta zazo.
IAramaic Flavor yongezwa eBhayibhileni
Nangona yayingeyonxalenye ebalulekileyo yokubhalwa kweBhayibhile, isiAramaic sasetyenziswa kumacandelo aliqela eSibhalo. Isi-Aramaic sasidla ngokusetyenziswa kubukumkani bamaPersi; Emva kokuthinjwa, amaYuda abuyisa isiAramiki kwaSirayeli, apho saba lolona lwimi luthandwayo.
Ibhayibhile yesiHebhere yaguqulelwa kulwimi lwesiAramaiki, olubizwa ngokuba yi Targum, kwixesha lesibini le tempile, elaliqala nge 500 BC lisiya AD 70. Olu guqulelo lwalufundwa kwizindlu zesikhungu kwaye lwalusetyenziselwa imfundo.
Iindinyana zebhayibhile ezazivela ekuqaleni ngesiAramiki nguDaniel 2-7; Ezra 4: 7; noYeremiya 10: 11. Amagama esiAramiki abhalwe kwiTestamente eNtsha:
UTalitha qumi (“Ntombazana okanye mntwana, vuka!”) KuMarko 5:41
E-Efatha (“Vula”) uMarko 7:34
Eli, Eli, lema sebaqtani (isikhalo sikaYesu emnqamlezweni: "Thixo wam, Thixo wam, undishiyeleni na?") UMarko 15:34, UMateyu 27:46
Abba ("Bawo") KwabaseRoma 8:15; KumaGalati 4: 6
UMaranatha (“Nkosi, yiza!”) 1 kwabaseKorinte 16:22
Iinguqulelo zesiNgesi
Ngempembelelo yoBukhosi baseRoma, icawa yokuqala yamkela isiLatini njengolwimi lwabo olusemthethweni. Ngo-382 AD, uPopu uDamasus I wayalela uJerome ukuba avelise iBhayibhile yesiLatin. Ukusebenza kwikhaya leemonki eBhetelehem, waguqulela iTestamente eNdala ngokuthe ngqo ukusuka kwisiHebhere okokuqala, ukunciphisa ukubakho kweempazamo ukuba usebenzisa iSeptuagint. Ibhayibhile yonke kaJerome, ebizwa ngokuba yiVulgate kuba yayisebenzisa intetho eqhelekileyo yexesha, yaphuma malunga ne-AD 402
IVulgate yayingumbhalo osemthethweni phantse iminyaka eli-1.000 1382, kodwa ezo Bhayibhile zazikhutshelwa ngesandla kwaye zibiza kakhulu. Ngapha koko, inkoliso yabantu abaqhelekileyo yayingazi ukufunda isiLatini. Ibhayibhile yokuqala epheleleyo yesiNgesi yapapashwa nguJohn Wycliffe ngonyaka ka-1535, isekelwe kwiVulgate njengomthombo. Oku kwalandelwa yinguqulelo kaTyndale ngo-1535 nekaCoverdale ngo-XNUMX. Uhlaziyo lwakhokelela ekuguquleleni, ngesiNgesi nakwezinye iilwimi zasekuhlaleni.
Iinguqulelo zesiNgesi ngokusetyenziswa kwesiqhelo namhlanje zibandakanya inguqulelo kaKing James, 1611; IAmerican Standard Version, 1901; Inguqulelo esemgangathweni ehlaziyiweyo, ngo-1952; Ukuphila kwebhayibhile, ka-1972; Inguqulelo entsha yezizwe ngezizwe, ngo-1973; Inguqulelo yanamhlanje yesiNgesi (iGood News Bible), ka-1976; INguqulelo yeNew King James, yowe-1982; kunye nohlobo oluqhelekileyo lwesiNgesi, ngo-2001.