Izizathu ezine ezenza ndicinge ukuba uYesu wayekho ngokwenene
Iqaqobana labaphengululi namhlanje kunye neqela elikhulu labachazi be-Intanethi abathi uYesu akazange abekho. Abaxhasi besi sikhundla, abaziwa ngokuba yintsomi, bathi uYesu ungumntu wasentsomini owasungulwa ngababhali beTestamente eNtsha (okanye ababekhupheli bakhe kamva). Kule posi ndiza kunikezela ngezizathu eziphambili ezi-XNUMX (ukusuka kwezona zibuthathaka ukuya kwezomeleleyo) ezokundenza ndiqiniseke ukuba uYesu waseNazarete wayengumntu wokwenene ngaphandle kokuxhomekeka kumabali eVangeli ngobomi bakhe.
Esona sikhundla siphambili kwilizwe lemfundo.
Ndiyavuma ukuba esi sesona sizathu sibuthathaka kwezi zizathu zine, kodwa ndiyidwelisile ukubonisa ukuba akukho mpikiswano ibalulekileyo phakathi kwabaphengululi abaninzi kumacandelo aphathelene nombuzo wobukho bukaYesu.UJohn Dominic Crossan, nowaseka ukuthandabuza iSeminary kaYesu, iyaphika ukuba uYesu wavuka kwabafileyo kodwa iqinisekile ukuba uYesu wayengumntu wembali. Ubhala athi: "Ukubethelelwa emnqamlezweni [kuYesu] kuqinisekile njengayo yonke into eyimbali" (Jesus: A Revolutionary Biography, p. 145). U-Bart Ehrman ngumntu one-agnostic othethe phandle ekuchaseni kwakhe iintsomi. U-Ehrman ufundisa kwiDyunivesithi yaseNorth Carolina kwaye uthathwa njengengcali kumaxwebhu eTestamente eNtsha. Ubhala athi: "Uluvo lokuba uYesu wayekhona luxhaswa phantse zonke iingcali zeplanethi" (Ngaba uYesu wayekhona?, Iphe. 4).
Ubukho bukaYesu buqinisekiswa yimithombo eyongezelelekileyo yebhayibhile.
Umbhali-mbali wenkulungwane yokuqala ongumJuda uJosephus ukhankanya uYesu izihlandlo ezibini. wabizwa ngokuba nguKrestu, ogama linguYakobi ”. Into eyenza ukuba esi sicatshulwa sinyaniseke kukuba asinamagama obuKristu anjengelithi "iNkosi", ayangena kwimeko yeli candelo lezinto zakudala, kwaye isicatshulwa sifumaneka kuzo zonke iikopi zombhalo-ngqangi we-Antiquities.
Ngokwengxelo yomfundi weTestamente eNtsha uRobert Van Voorst kwincwadi yakhe ethi Jesus Outside of the New Testament, "Uninzi lwabaphengululi lukholelwa kwelokuba amazwi athi" umntakwabo Yesu, owayebizwa ngokuba nguKrestu ", ayinyani, njengokuba kunjalo nakwindawo yonke ifunyenwe "(iphepha 83).
Elona candelo lide kwincwadi ye-18 libizwa ngokuba yiTestimonium Flavianum. Abaphengululi bahlulahlulwe kule ndawo kuba, ngelixa ikhankanya uYesu, inamabinzana awayephantse akongezwa ngabakhupheli abangamaKristu. Oku kubandakanya amabinzana ngewayengazange asetyenziswe ngumJuda onjengoJosephus, njengokutsho kukaYesu: "WayenguKrestu" okanye "wabonakala ephila kwakhona ngosuku lwesithathu".
Iintsomi zithi yonke le ndinyana ayiyonyani kuba ayiphumi emxholweni kwaye iphazamisa ibali langaphambili likaJosephus. Kodwa le mbono ayihoyi inyani yokuba ababhali kwilizwe lamandulo babengasebenzisi miqolo isezantsi kwaye bahlala bebhadula kwimixholo engadibaniyo kwimibhalo yabo. Ngokwengxelo yomfundi weTestamente eNtsha uJames DG Dunn, esi sicatshulwa sasicace gca kubuKrestu, kodwa kukwakho namagama amaKristu angenakuze awasebenzise ngoYesu aquka ukubiza uYesu "ngendoda esisilumko" okanye ukuzibhekisa njengo "Isizwe," obu bubungqina obunamandla bokuba uJosephus ekuqaleni wabhala into efana nale ilandelayo:
Ngelo xesha kwavela uYesu, indoda esisilumko. Kuba wenza izinto ezimangalisayo, utitshala wabantu owamkela inyaniso ngovuyo. Kwaye yafumana oku kulandelayo kumaYuda amaninzi nakwinzala yamaGrike. Kwaye xa uPilato, ngenxa yesityholo esenziwe ziinkokheli phakathi kwethu, emgwebela emnqamlezweni, abo babemthanda ngaphambili abayekanga ukuyenza. Kude kube namhla isizwe samaKrestu (esathiywa ngaye) asikapheli. (UYesu ukhunjulwe, iphe. 141).
Ngapha koko, umbhali-mbali waseRoma uTacitus ubhala kwincwadi yakhe iAnnals ukuba, emva komlilo omkhulu waseRoma, umlawuli uNero walibeka ityala kwiqela elicekisekayo labantu elibizwa ngokuba ngamaKristu. UTacitus ulichaza eli qela ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: "UChristus, umseki weli gama, wabulawa nguPontiyo Pilato, ibamba lakwa Yuda ngexesha lolawulo lukaTibheriyo." U-Bart D. Ehrman ubhala athi, "Ingxelo ka Tacitus iqinisekisa into esiyaziyo kweminye imithombo, ukuba uYesu wabulawa ngokomyalelo werhuluneli yase Roma kwelakwa Yuda, uPontiyo Pilato, ngexesha elithile kulawulo luka Tiberius" (The New Testament: Historical Introduction to imibhalo yokuqala yamaKristu, 212).
Abaseki beCawa bokuqala abachazi uqhekeko lwentsomi.
Abo babukhanyelayo ubukho bukaYesu bahlala bethetha ukuba amaKristu okuqala ayekholelwa ukuba uYesu wayengumntu nje osindisayo owayethetha namakholwa ngemibono. Emva kwexesha amaKristu emva koko ongeze iinkcukacha ezingaphefumlelwanga ngobomi bukaYesu (njengokugwetywa kwakhe phantsi koPontiyo Pilato) ukuze amncothule kwingcinezelo yenkulungwane yokuqala. Ukuba ithiyori iyinyani, ngaxa lithile kwimbali yobuKrestu bekuya kubakho uqhekeko okanye imvukelo yokwenene phakathi kwabaguqukayo abatsha abakholelwa kuYesu wokwenene kunye noluvo lwesiseko "sobuOthodoki" sokuba uYesu akaze yabakho.
Into enomdla ngale ngcamango kukuba ootata becawa bokuqala abanjengoIrenaeus babethanda ukuphelisa uqhekeko. Babhale imibhalo emikhulu begxeka abahedeni kwaye kuyo yonke imibhalo yabo uqhekeko lokuba uYesu akazange abekho khange kuthethwe ngalo. Ewe, akukho mntu kwimbali yonke yobuKristu (nditsho nabagxeki bokuqala abangamahedeni abanjengoCelsus okanye uLucian) oxhasa u Yesu wasentsomini de kwayinkulungwane ye-XNUMX.
Olunye uqhekeko, njenge-Gnosticism okanye i-Donatism, lwalufana nolo lukhuni kwikhaphethi. Ungabaphelisa endaweni enye kuphela ukuze baphinde bavele kwiinkulungwane kamva, kodwa intsomi "yowexuko" ayikho ndawo kwiCawa yokuqala. Ke yintoni enokwenzeka: ukuba iCawa yokuqala yazingela yaza yatshabalalisa onke amalungu obuKrestu obuntsomi ukuthintela ukusasazeka kobuqhetseba kwaye ngokulula ayizange ibhale ngawo, okanye ukuba amaKristu okuqala ayengengomaentsomi kwaye ngenxa yoko Ngaba yayingeyonto aBaseki beCawa ukuba bakhankase kuyo? (Ezinye iintsomi zithi uqhekeko lwakwaDocetism lwaluquka noYesu wasentsomini, kodwa andilifumani eli bango liyanelisa.
UPaul oyiNgcwele wayebazi abafundi bakaYesu.
Uninzi lweentsomi ziyavuma ukuba iSt. Paul wayengumntu wokwenene, kuba sineeleta zakhe. KumaGalati 1: 18-19, uPawulos uchaza ukuhlangana kwakhe e Yerusalem no Peter noJames, "umzalwana weNkosi". Ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba uYesu ebengumntu wasentsomini, esinye sezihlobo zakhe ngesele sazi ngaso (Qaphela ukuba ngesiGrike igama elithi mzalwana linokuthetha isihlobo). Iintsomi zinika iinkcazo ezininzi malunga nale ndawo uRobert Price ayithatha njengenxalenye yento ayibiza ngokuba "Yeyona mpikiswano inamandla ngokuchasene nenkolelo kaKrestu" (UChristian Myth Theory kunye neengxaki zawo, iphe. 333).
U-Earl Doherty, oyintsomi, uthi igama likaJames mhlawumbi lalibhekisa kwiqela lamaJuda leemonki elalikho ngaphambili elizibiza ngokuba "ngabazalwana beNkosi" ekusenokwenzeka ukuba uJames wayeyinkokeli yalo (uYesu: AkangeThixo okanye uMntu, iphe. 61) . Kodwa asinabungqina bokuba iqela elinjalo lalikhona eJerusalem ngelo xesha. Ngapha koko, uPawulos ugxeka abaseKorinte ngokuzibanga bethembekile kumntu othile, nkqu noKristu, kwaye ngenxa yoko wenza ukwahlukana ngaphakathi kwiCawa (1 kwabaseKorinte 1: 11-13). Akunakulindeleka ukuba uPaul amncome uJames ngokuba lilungu leqela elisahlukanisayo (uPaul Eddy noGregory Boyd, The Jesus Legend, p. 206).
Ixabiso lithi isihloko sinokubhekisa ekulingiseni kukaYakobi ngokomoya. Ubhenela kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinethoba umTshayina owayezibiza ngokuba "ngumninawa kaYesu" njengobungqina benkolelo yakhe yokuba "ubhuti" angathetha umlandeli womoya (p. 338). Kodwa umzekelo osuswe kude kakhulu kumxholo wenkulungwane yokuqala yePalestine wenza ukuba ukuqiqa kweXabiso kube nzima ukwamkela kunokufunda nje isicatshulwa.
Ukuqukumbela, ndicinga ukuba kukho izizathu ezininzi zokucinga ukuba uYesu wayekho ngokwenene kwaye wayengumsunguli wehlelo lenkolo kwi-XNUMXst century Palestine. Oku kubandakanya ubungqina esinabo kwimithombo engaphezulu kwebhayibhile, ooFata beCawe kunye nobungqina bukaPawulos ngqo. Ndiyaqonda ngakumbi ukuba sinokubhala kwesi sihloko, kodwa ndicinga ukuba le sisiqalo esihle kwabo banomdla kwingxoxo-mpikiswano (ikakhulu esekwe kwi-Intanethi) kuYesu okwimbali.