Izithethe zamaYuda zokuhlamba izandla
Ngokwesiko lamaJuda, ukuhlamba izandla kungaphezulu kokwenza ucoceko. Kuyimfuneko ngaphambi kokuba kudliwe apho kunikwa khona isonka, ukuhlamba izandla yeyona nto iphambili kwinkolo yamaJuda ngaphaya kwetafile yegumbi lokutyela.
Intsingiselo yokuhlanjwa kwezandla zamaJuda
NgesiHebhere, ukuhlamba izandla kubizwa netilyat yadayim (nun-tea-lot yuh-die-eem). Kwiindawo ezithetha isiYiddish, isithethe saziwa ngokuba yi-negel vasser (nay-gull vase-ur), ethetha "amanzi esikhonkwane". Ukuhlamba emva kwesidlo kwaziwa ngokuba yi-mayim achronim (my-eem ach-ro-neem), okuthetha ukuthi "emva kwamanzi".
Kukho amaxesha aliqela apho umthetho wamaJuda ufuna ukuhlanjwa izandla, kubandakanya:
emva kokulala okanye ukulala
emva kokuya kwigumbi lokuhlambela
emva kokushiya amangcwaba
Ngaphambi kwesidlo, ukuba isonka siyabandakanyeka
emva kwesidlo, ukuba "ityuwa yaseSodom" yayisetyenziswa
Imvelaphi
Isiseko sokuhlamba izandla ebuYudeni sasikudibene nenkonzo kunye nokubingelela, kwaye sivela kwiTorah kwiEksodus 17-21.
UNdikhoyo wathetha noMosis, wathi: “Uza kwenza isitya sobhedu, ngokunjalo nesiseko sobhedu. Wayibeka phakathi kwentente yokuhlangana nesibingelelo, wagalela amanzi kuyo; ke uAron noonyana bakhe mabahlambe izandla neenyawo zabo khona. ekungeneni kwabo ententeni yokuhlangana, bohlamba ngamanzi, ukuze bangafi, nasekusondeleni kwabo esibingelelweni, besebenza ulungiselelo; Baya kuhlamba izandla neenyawo, ukuze bangafi; ibe ngummiselo ongunaphakade kubo, kuye nakwimbewu yakhe kwizizukulwana zabo.
Iimpawu zokudalwa kwesiseko sokuhlamba izandla kunye neenyawo zababingeleli kukukhankanywa kokuqala kwento. Kwezi ndinyana, ukusilela kokuhlamba izandla kuhambelana nokufa, yiyo loo nto abanye bekholelwa ukuba abantwana baka-Aron basweleka kwiLevitikus 10.
Emva kokutshatyalaliswa kwetempile, nangona kunjalo, kwabakho utshintsho kutshintsho lokugxila ekuhlambeni izandla. Ngaphandle kwezinto zesiko kunye neenkqubo zokwenza amadini okanye ngaphandle kwamadini, ababingeleli babengenakho ukuhlamba izandla.
Oorabhi, bengafuni ukubaluleka kwesiko lokuhlamba izandla ukuba lilibaleke ngexesha lokwakhiwa kwakhona kweTempile (Yesithathu) bahambisa ubungcwele bedini leTempile kwitafile yegumbi lokutyela, eyaba yimazzen yanamhlanje okanye isibingelelo.
Ngolu tshintsho, orabi benze inani elingenasiphelo lamaphepha-yonke imibhalo-yeTalmud kwi-halachot (funda) yokuhlamba izandla. Ebizwa ngokuba yiYadayim (izandla), esi sivumelwano sixubusha ngesiko lokuhlamba izandla, indlela elenziwa ngayo, ngawaphi amanzi agqalwa ecocekile, njalo njalo.
I-Netilyat yadayim (ukuhlamba izandla) ifumaneka izihlandlo ezingama-345 kwiTalmud, ibandakanywa e-Eruvin 21b, apho urabi ukwala ukutya ngelixa esentolongweni ngaphambi kokuba abe nethuba lokuhlamba izandla.
Oorabhi bethu babefundisa ukuba: U-Akiba wayekhe wavalelwa entolongweni [ngamaRoma] kwaye u-R.Joshua, umenzi wesanti, wayemana esiya. Yonke imihla, kwakusiziswa umlinganiselo othile wamanzi kuye. Ngesinye isihlandlo wamkelwa ngumgcini-ntolongo owathi kuye: “Amanzi akho namhlanje makhulu kakhulu; mhlawumbi uyicela ukuba ijongele phantsi intolongo? " Uphalaze esinye isiqingatha wamnika esinye. Ukufika kwakhe ku-R. Akiba, owokugqibela wathi kuye: "Joshua, awuyazi ukuba ndiyindoda endala kwaye ubomi bam buxhomekeke kwelakho?" Xa lo mva wamxelela konke okwenzekileyo [R. Akiba] wathi kuye: "Ndinike amanzi okuhlamba izandla." "Ayizukunela ukusela," ukhalaze omnye athi, "kuyakwanela ukuhlamba izandla zakho?" "Ndingenza ntoni", waphendula owokuqala: "xa [ndingawahoyi] amazwi oRabi afanelwe kukufa? Kungcono ukuba mna ndife kunokuba ndenze into engadibaniyo noluvo loogxa bam ”ebengekangcamli nto de omnye amphathele amanzi okuhlamba izandla.
Ukuhlamba izandla emva kwesidlo
Ukongeza kokuhlamba izandla ngaphambi kwesidlo ngesonka, amaJuda amaninzi enkolo ahlamba emva kwesidlo, ebizwa ngokuba yi-achronim mayim, okanye emva kwamanzi. Imvelaphi yoku ivela kwityuwa kunye nembali yeSodom neGomora.
Ngokuka Midrash, Umfazi kaLote wajika waba yintsika emva kokona ngetyuwa. Ngokwabali, iingelosi zamenyelwa endlwini nguLote, owayefuna ukwenza imitzvah yeendwendwe. Ucele umfazi wakhe ukuba abanike ityuwa waphendula wathi, "Nditsho lo mkhwa mbi (wokuphatha iindwendwe ngobubele ngokubanika ityuwa) ufuna ukwenza ntoni apha eSodom?" Ngenxa yesi sono, kubhaliwe kwiTalmud,
U-R. Juda, unyana ka-R. Hiyya, uthe: Kutheni [oorabhi] besithi luxanduva olunqamlekileyo lokuhlamba izandla zabo emva kwesidlo? Ngenxa yetyuwa ethile yaseSodom eyenza amehlo angaboni. (I-Talmud yaseBhabheli, uHullin 105b).
Le ityiwa yaseSodom yayisetyenziswa kwinkonzo yesinongo etempileni, ke ababingeleli kwakufuneka bahlambe emva kokuyiphatha ngenxa yokoyika ukungaboni.
Nangona abaninzi bengayiboni le nto namhlanje kuba uninzi lwamaJuda emhlabeni aluphekanga okanye alunqunqanga ityuwa evela kwa-Israyeli, ingasathethi ke ngeSodom, kukho abo bathi yi-halacha (umthetho) nokuba onke amaJuda kufuneka aziqhelanise Kwisiko le-mayim achronim.
Ungazihlamba njani izandla zakho ngokufanelekileyo (uMayim Achronim)
I-Mayim achronim inayo eyayo "indlela yokwenza", engabandakanyekanga kangako kunokuhlamba izandla okuqhelekileyo. Kwindawo ezininzi zokuhlamba izandla, nangaphambi kwesonka sesonka, kuya kufuneka ulandele la manyathelo angezantsi.
Qiniseka ukuba unezandla ezicocekileyo. Kubonakala kungahambisani, kodwa khumbula ukuba i-netilyat yadayim (ukuhlamba izandla) ayisiyonto yokucoca, kodwa malunga nesiko.
Gcwalisa ikomityi kunye namanzi anele ngezandla zombini. Ukuba unesandla sasekhohlo, qala ngesandla sakho sasekhohlo. Ukuba unesandla sasekunene, qala ngesandla sakho sasekunene.
Thela amanzi kabini kwisandla sakho esiphambili kwaye kabini kwelinye icala. Abanye bagalela kathathu, kubandakanya neChabad Lubavitchers. Qinisekisa ukuba amanzi agubungela sonke isandla ukuya esihlahleni ngejethi nganye kwaye ahlule iminwe ukuze amanzi achukumise isandla sonke.
Emva kokuhlamba, thabatha itawuli ngelixa usomisa izandla zakho uphinda ubonga intsikelelo: uBharuki atah Adonai, Elohenu Melech Ha'Olam, asher kideshanu b'mitzvotav, vetzivanu al netilat yadayim. Le ntsikelelo ithetha ukuba, ngesiNgesi, usikelelekile wena, Nkosi, Thixo wethu, kumkani wendalo iphela, osingcwalise ngemithetho yakhe wasiyalela ngokubhekisele ekuhlanjweni kwezandla.
Baninzi abathi intsikelelo bengekamisi nezandla zabo. Emva kokuhlamba izandla, ngaphambi kokuba kubhengezwe intsikelelo kwisonka, zama ukungathethi. Nangona eli lisiko kwaye ingeyiyo i-halacha (umthetho), isemgangathweni ngokulinganayo kuluntu lwenkolo yamaJuda.