ISt. John Chrysostom: Oyena mshumayeli ubalaseleyo webandla lokuqala
Wayengomnye wabashumayeli ababethetha kakhulu kwaye benempembelelo kwicawa yokuqala yamaKristu. Ekuqaleni u-Antiyokwe, uChrysostom wonyulwa njengoBhishophu omkhulu waseConstantinople ngo-AD 398, nangona waye wachongwa e-ofisini ngokuchasene neminqweno yakhe. Ukushumayela kwakhe ngokutyibilikayo nokungayekethisi kwakumangalisa kangangokuba kwiminyaka engama-150 emva kokubhubha kwakhe, wanikwa ifani enguChrysostom, ethetha "umlomo wegolide" okanye "ulwimi lwegolide"
Khawuleza
Kwaziwa njenge: Giovanni d'Antiochia
Yaziwa ngokuba ngu: Ubhishophu omkhulu we-XNUMX yenkulungwane yaseConstantinople, ulwimi olunemifanekiso, edume ngaphezu kwazo zonke iintshumayelo kunye neeleta ezininzi ezinobuchule
Bazali: I-Sekundsti kunye neMadodasa yakwa-Antiyokwe
Wazalwa: 347 AD kwa-Antiyokwe, eSyria
Wasweleka ngoSeptemba 14, 407 eComana, kumantla mpuma eTurkey
Isicatshulwa esaziwayo: “Ukushumayela kuyandiphucula. Xa ndiqala ukuthetha, ukudinwa kuyaphela; xa ndiqala ukufundisa, nokudinwa kuyaphela. "
Obomi bakwangoko
UJohn wase-Antiyokwe (igama elalisaziwa phakathi kwabantu bexesha lakhe) wazalwa malunga ne-AD 347 e-Antiyokwe, isixeko apho amakholwa kuYesu Kristu abizwa ngokuba ngamaKristu (IZenzo 11:26). Uyise, uSecundus, wayeligosa lomkhosi elidumileyo emkhosini wase-Aram. Wafa xa uJohn wayeselusana. Umama kaGiovanni, Anthusa, wayengumfazi ozinikeleyo ongumKristu kwaye wayeneminyaka engama-20 kuphela xa waba ngumhlolokazi.
Kwa-Antiyokwe, ikomkhulu lase-Syria kunye nelinye lamaziko aphambili emfundo ngalo mhla, u-Chrysostom wafunda i-rhetoric, uncwadi kunye nomthetho phantsi kotitshala ongumhedeni uLibanius. Ngexesha elifutshane emva kokugqiba izifundo zakhe, uChrysostom wenza umthetho, kodwa kungekudala waqala waziva ebizelwe ukukhonza uThixo.
Ekuqaleni, uChrysostom walandela ubomi obuyimonki. Ngexesha lakhe njenge monki (AD 374-380), wachitha iminyaka emibini ehlala emqolombeni, emile ngokuqhubekayo, engalali kwaye ekhumbula yonke iBhayibhile. Ngenxa yokuzibulala, impilo yakhe yayisengozini kwaye kwafuneka abushiye ubomi bokuzibandeza uyolo.
Emva kokubuya kwikhaya loonongendi, uChrysostom waqala ukusebenza ecaweni yakwa-Antiyokwe, ekhonza phantsi kukaMeletius, ubhishophu wakwa-Antiyokwe no-Diodorus, intloko yesikolo sabefundisi esixekweni. Ngo-AD 381, uChrysostom wamiselwa njengomdikoni nguMeletius, emva koko, kwiminyaka emihlanu kamva, wonyuselwa ububingeleli nguFlavian. Ngokukhawuleza, ukushumayela kwakhe ngokutyibilikayo kunye nokuzimisela kwakhe kwamenza wathandwa kwaye wahlonitshwa libandla lonke lakwa-Antiyokwe.
Iintshumayelo zikaChrysostom ezicacileyo, ezisebenzayo nezinamandla zatsala abantu abaninzi kwaye zaba nefuthe elibonakalayo kwinkolo nezopolitiko zase-Antiyokwe. Inzondelelo yakhe kunye nokucaca konxibelelwano kwakhuthaza abantu nje abaqhelekileyo, ababedla ngokuya ecaweni ukuze beve bhetele. Kodwa imfundiso yakhe engqubanayo yayihlala imbeka engxakini kunye neenkokeli zonqulo nezopolitiko zexesha lakhe.
Umxholo ophindaphindiweyo weentshumayelo zikaChrysostom wawungumKristu obalulekileyo ekunyamekeleni abasweleyo. “Bubuyatha nobuyatha esidlangalaleni ukugcwalisa ezangubo ngeempahla,” utshilo kwi ntshumayelo, “nokuvumela abantu abadalwe ngokomfanekiselo nomfanekiselo kaThixo ukuba beme ze beqhaqhazelisa yingqele ukuze bangakwazi ukuzigcina iinyawo ".
Patriarch of Constantinople
NgoFebruwari 26, 398, ngokuchasene nezichaso zakhe, uChrysostom waba ngubhishophu omkhulu waseConstantinople. Ngaphantsi komyalelo ka-Eutropius, igosa likarhulumente, wasiwa ngomkhosi wamsa eConstantinople waza wamisela ubhishophu omkhulu. U-Eutropius wayekholelwa kwelokuba icawe eyinkunzi yayifanele ukuba nesona sithethi sibalaseleyo. UChrysostom wayengakhange afune isikhundla sobusolusapho, kodwa wasamkela njengentando kaThixo.
UChrysostom, ngoku ongumlungiseleli weyona cawa inkulu yeNgqobhoko, waduma njengomshumayeli kwangaxeshanye ecel 'umngeni ukugxeka kwakhe izityebi nokuqhubeka nokuxhaphaza amahlwempu. Amazwi akhe ayebuhlungu ezindlebeni zabantu abazizityebi nababenamandla njengoko wayebhenca ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya. Ukugqobhoza nangaphezulu kwamagama akhe yayiyindlela yakhe yokuphila, eyaqhubeka nokuphila ngokungxama, esebenzisa isibonelelo sosapho sakhe esikhulu ukunceda abahlwempuzekileyo nokwakha izibhedlele.
Kungekudala uChrysostom waphulukana nenkundla yaseConstantinople, ngakumbi uKumkanikazi uEudoxia, owayekhutyekiswe kukuziphatha kakubi. Wayefuna ukuba uChrysostom athuliswe kwaye wagqiba kwelokuba agxothwe. Kwiminyaka emithandathu kuphela emva kokuchongwa kwakhe njengo-Archbishop, ngoJuni 20, 404, uJohn Chrysostom wakhatshwa wasuswa eConstantinople, akazange abuye. Yonke imihla yokuphila kwakhe wayehlala ekuthinjweni.
USanta John Chrysostom, ubhishophu omkhulu waseConstantinople, phambi kwekumkanikazi uEudoxia. Ibonisa usolusapho egxeka uKumkanikazi waseNtshona, u-Eudoxia (Aelia Eudoxia), ngobomi bakhe bobunewunewu nobuhle. Ukupeyinta nguJean Paul Laurens, 1893. Augustins Museum, Toulouse, France.
Ilifa legolide
Elona galelo libalulekileyo kwimbali yamaKristu yayinguJohn Chrysostom ukudlulisela kumagama ngaphezu kwawo nawuphi na utata wasecaweni owayethetha icawa yamaGrike. Ukwenze oko ngamagqabaza akhe amaninzi ebhayibhile, amakhaya, iileta kunye neentshumayelo. Ngaphezu kwama-800 kwezi asekhona nanamhlanje.
UChrysostom wayengoyena mshumayeli ungoyena mntu wayethetha kwaye wayenempembelelo ngexesha lakhe. Ngesipho esingaqhelekanga sokuchaza kunye nokusebenza kwakhe, imisebenzi yakhe ibandakanya eyona miboniso mihle kwiincwadi zeBhayibhile, ngokukodwa iGenesis, iiNdumiso, uIsaya, uMateyu, uYohane, iZenzo, kunye neeleta zikaPawulos. Imisebenzi yakhe echazayo kwiNcwadi yeZenzo zezona ziphela zisasaza incwadi malunga newaka leminyaka lobuKristu.
Ukongeza kwiintshumayelo zakhe, eminye imisebenzi ehlala ihleli ibandakanya intetho yokuqala, yokuchasa abo bachasayo ubomi be-Monastic, ebhalelwe abazali abanabantwana ababecinga ubizo lwe-monastic. Uye wabhala Imiyalelo yee-catechumens, ekungaqondakali kwendalo yobuthixo nakububingeleli, apho anikezele khona izahluko ezibini kubugcisa bokushumayela.
UJohn wase-Antiyokwe wafumana isihloko se-"Chrysostom", okanye "ulwimi lwegolide", kwiminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu emva kokusweleka kwakhe. KwiCawa yamaRoma Katolika, uJohn Chrysostom uthathwa njengo "Gqirha weCawa". Ngo-15, uPopu Pius X wammisela njengengcwele yamagcisa, abashumayeli kunye neendawo zokuthetha. Nditsho neecawa zobuOthodoki, iCoptic kunye neMpuma yeAnglican zimthatha njengengcwele.
KwiProlegomena: The Life and Work of St. John Chrysostom, umbhali-mbali uPhilip Schaff uyichaza iChrysostom njengelinye lalawo madoda anqabileyo adibanisa ubukhulu nokulunga, ubungqondi nokuhlonela uThixo, aqhubeke nokwenza impembelelo eyonwabisayo Icawa yamaKristu. Wayeyindoda yexesha lakhe neyamaxesha onke. Kodwa kufuneka sijonge umoya kunendlela yobungcwele bakhe, obabunophawu lobudala bakhe. "
Ukufa ekuthinjweni
UJohn Chrysostom wachitha iminyaka emithathu ngenkohlakalo elubhacweni phantsi konogada abaxhobileyo kwidolophu ekwanti esezintabeni eCucusus eArmenia. Nangona impilo yakhe yasilela ngokukhawuleza, wahlala ethembekile ekuzinikeleni kwakhe kuKristu, ebhala iileta zokukhuthaza abahlobo kunye nokutyelelwa ngabalandeli abathembekileyo. Ngelixa wayefudukela kwilali esemagqagaleni kunxweme olusempuma yoLwandle oluMnyama, uChrysostom wawa phantsi wasiwa kwindlu encinci yecawa ekufuphi naseComana kumantla mpuma eTurkey, apho wafela khona.
Iminyaka engamashumi amathathu ananye emva kokusweleka kwakhe, izidumbu zikaGiovanni zathunyelwa eConstantinople zaza zangcwatywa kwiCawa yeSS. Abapostile. Ngexesha leNqaku lesine, ngo-1204, imifanekiso kaChrysostom yaphoswa ngabahlaseli bamaKatolika baziswa eRoma, apho babekwa khona kwicawa yakudala yeSan Pietro eVaticano. Emva kweminyaka engama-800, iintsalela zayo zatshintshelwa kwi-Basilica entsha yase-St. Peter, apho bahlala eminye iminyaka engama-400.
NgoNovemba 2004, njengenxalenye yeenzame eziqhubekayo zokuxolelanisa iicawa zamaOthodoki aseMpuma kunye nezamaRoma Katolika, uPopu John Paul II wabuyisela amathambo eChrysostom kusolusapho u-Bartholomew I, inkokeli yokomoya yobu-Orthodox bobu-Orthodox. Umsitho uqalwe eSt Peter Basilica kwisiXeko iVictoria nge-27 kaNovemba ka-2004 kwaye uqhubeke emva komhla njengoko izidumbu zikaChrysostom zabuyiswa kumnyhadala obalulekileyo kwiCawe yaseSt George eIstanbul, eTurkey.