USt.Thomas Aquinas, uGqirha weengelosi
UThomas Aquinas, umfundisi waseDominican wenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, wayengumfundi okrelekrele wezakwalizwi, isithandi sobulumko nommeli wecawa yamaxesha aphakathi. Wayengekho mhle okanye engenakuthandeka, wayenengxaki ye-edema kunye namehlo amdaka avelisa ubuso obungemhle. Ukutyeba kakhulu, ukungonwabi ngokwasentlalweni, introvert ethetha kancinci kuye kwathiwa "yinkomo esisimumu" ngoogxa bakhe eklasini. Nangona kunjalo, uThomas Aquinas unakanwa namhlanje njengelona lizwi libalulekileyo kwimfundo yezakwalizwi kunye nokuchazwa kweBhayibhile kumaXesha Aphakathi.
Khawuleza
Eyaziwa ngokuba: i-Dominican friar kunye nombhali onempembelelo kunye nomfundisi wezenkolo kwi-Middle Ages
Wazalelwa: ngo-1225, eRoccasecca, e-Itali
Usweleke: ngoMatshi 7, 1274, Fossanova Abbey, Fossanova, Italy
Abazali: Bala uLundulf ka-Aquino kunye noTheodora, ubalo lweTeano
Imfundo: IYunivesithi yaseNaples kunye neYunivesithi yaseParis
Imisebenzi epapashiweyo: ISumma Theologica (Isishwankathelo seTheology); ISumma Contra iiNtlanga (Isishwankathelo ngokuchasene neeNtlanga); I-scriptum super Libros Sententiarium (phawula izivakalisi); De anima (emphefumlweni); UDe Ente et Essentia (kubuntu nakwinxalenye); De Veritate (kwinyaniso).
Isicatshulwa esaziwayo: Ibango lokuba u Yesu Krestu wayengutitshala olungileyo, uThomas Aquinas wathi, "UKristu ulixoki, uphambene okanye uyiNkosi."
Obomi bakwangoko
UTommaso d'Aquino wazalwa ngo-1225 ukuya ku-Count Lundulf di Aquino kunye nenkosikazi yakhe u-Theodora, kwikhaya losapho eRocccca, kufutshane naseNaples, kubukumkani baseSicily. UTomas wayengoyena mncinci kubantakwabo abasibhozo. Umama wakhe waye sisidwangube seTeano. Nangona bobabini abazali bevela kwimigangatho ephezulu, usapho lwalugqalwa njengodumo oluphantsi.
Njengomfana oselula, ngelixa wayefunda kwiDyunivesithi yaseNaples, u-Aquino wajoyina ngasese i-Dominican order yeefriyi. Watsaleleka kugxininiso lwabo kwimfundo yokufunda, ubuhlwempu, ubunyulu, kunye nokuthobela ubomi benkonzo yokomoya. Usapho lwakhe lwaluchasa ngamandla olu khetho, endaweni yokufuna ukuba uTomas abe nguBenedictine kwaye onwabele isikhundla esinempembelelo nobutyebi ecaweni.
Ukuthatha amanyathelo agqithisileyo, usapho luka-Aquino lwamgcina njengolibanjwa ixesha elingaphezulu konyaka. Ngelo xesha, ngenkani benza iyelenqe lokumhenda ukuba aphume kwikhondo lakhe, bemthembisa ukuba ngunongogo kwanesikhundla sokuba ngubhishophu omkhulu waseNaples. UAquinas akazange avume ukulukuhlwa kwaye kungekudala wathunyelwa kwiDyunivesithi yaseParis - ngelo xesha yayiliziko eliphambili lezifundo zaseYurophu - ukuya kufunda ngezakwalizwi. Apho wafumana eyona mfundo ibalaseleyo kwezakwalizwi phantsi kokhokelo luka-Albert the Great. Ukuqonda ngokukhawuleza ubukrelekrele buka-Aquinas kunye namandla akhe okuba nempembelelo, umcebisi wakhe wabhengeza, "Lo mfana simbiza ngokuba yinkomo esisidenge, kodwa ukugqabhuka kwakhe kwimfundiso ngenye imini kuya kuphinda kugqabhuke kwihlabathi liphela!"
Ukholo nokuqiqa
UAquino wafumanisa ukuba ifilosofi yeyona ndawo wayeyithanda, kodwa wazama ukuyivisisanisa nobuKristu. Kwingcinga yexesha eliphakathi, umceli mngeni wokudibanisa ubudlelwane phakathi kokholo kunye nokuqiqa kwavela ngaphambili nakwiziko. Ekwazi ukwahlula phakathi kwezi zimbini, uThomas Aquinas wabona imigaqo yezenkolo kunye nemigaqo yefilosofi yokuqiqa njengengaphikisani, kodwa njengemithombo yolwazi evela kuThixo.
Ngenxa yokuba uThomas Aquinas wayiguqula indlela ka-Aristotle kunye nemigaqo yakhe kwezakwalizwi, wacelwa umngeni ngabaphathi abaninzi baseParis kwezakwalizwi. La madoda sele enokubathintela ngokubanzi abantu baseDominican naseFranciscans. Ngenxa yoko, bamelana nokungena kwakhe kwizikhundla zikaNjingalwazi. Kodwa xa kungenelela upopu ngokwakhe, uAquino wangena ngokukhawuleza. Uchithe bonke ubomi bakhe efundisa ezakwalizwi eParis, Ostia, Viterbo, Anagni, Perugia, Bologna, Rome nase Naples.
USt. Thomas Aquinas kwiofisi yomthendeleko
USt. Thomas Aquinas kwi-ofisi yomthendeleko; Umzekeliso opeyintwe nguLouis Roux, 1877. UDe Agostini / Biblioteca Ambrosiana / Getty Izithombe
Ugqirha weengelosi
Umgangatho wobukrelekrele bukaThomas Aquinas wawunyulu kangangokuba wafumana isihloko esithi "Ugqirha weengelosi". Ukongeza kulwazi olubanzi lweZibhalo, wadibanisa yonke imisebenzi emikhulu yooBawo beCawa yaseMpuma naseNtshona, ngakumbi uSt.
Ebomini bakhe, uThomas Aquinas wabhala ngaphezulu kwe-60 yemisebenzi ukusukela ekuchazweni kweBhayibhile ukuya ekuxoliseni, ifilosofi kunye nethiology. Ngelixa wayeseRoma, wagqiba eyokuqala kwimisebenzi yakhe yobugcisa, iSumma Contra yabeeNtlanga, isishwankathelo sokuxolisa semfundiso ejolise ekuqinisekiseni abo bangakholwayo ukuba kufanelekile kokholo lobuKristu.
U-Aquino wayengenguye kuphela umntu wezifundo zobukrelekrele, kodwa wabhala neengoma, wazinikela emthandazweni, kwaye wathatha ixesha lokucebisa abanye abafundisi bokomoya. Kucingelwa ukuba ngowona msebenzi wakhe wobugcisa, uSumma Theologica, ayisiyoncwadi yexesha elingenasiphelo kuphela kwiimfundiso zobuKristu, kodwa ikwasisikhokelo esisebenzayo esizele bubulumko kubafundisi nakwiinkokheli zokomoya.
Amagqabantshintshi eBhayibhile ka-Aquinas aquka incwadi kaJobhi, incwadi engagqitywanga yeeNdumiso, uIsaya, iincwadi zikaPawulos, kunye neeVangeli zikaYohane noMateyu. Uye wapapasha amagqabantshintshi ngeencwadi ezine zeVangeli eziqulunqwe zisuka kwimibhalo yooSeki beCawa yesiGrike nesiLatin ebizwa ngokuba nguCatena Aurea.
Ngo-1272, u-Aquino wanceda ekufumaneni isikolo seDominican semfundo yobufundisi eNaples. Ngelixa wayeseNaples, ngoDisemba 6, 1273, wayenombono ongaphaya kwendalo emva kobunzima kwitheko laseSan Nicola. Nangona wayekhe wabona imibono emininzi ngaphambili, lo wahlukile. Waqinisekisa uThomas ukuba yonke imibhalo yakhe yayingabalulekanga ngenxa yento ayityhilelwe nguThixo.Ukucelwa ukuba aqhubeke nokubhala, uAquinas waphendula wathi: “Ayikho enye into endinokuyenza. Iimfihlelo ezinjalo zityhilwe kum ukuba yonke into endiyibhalileyo ngoku ibonakala inexabiso elincinci. " UAquino wabeka phantsi usiba lwakhe kwaye akazange abhale nelizwi kwakhona.
Ngaphandle kowona msebenzi wakhe ubalulekileyo kwaye unefuthe, uSumma Theologica wahlala engagqitywanga xa uAquino wasweleka kwiinyanga nje ezintathu kamva. Ekuqaleni kuka-1274, uTomas wamenywa ukuba aye kwiBhunga lesiBini laseLyons ukunceda ukuvala umsantsa okhulayo phakathi kweecawa zaseMpuma nezeNtshona. Kodwa ayizange ifike eFrance. Ngexesha lokuhamba ngeenyawo, uThomas Aquinas wagula kwaye wasweleka kwikhaya leemonki laseCistercian eFossanova Abbey ngoMatshi 7, 1274.
NguSt. Aquinas
Kwiminyaka engamashumi amahlanu emva kokubhubha kwakhe, ngoJulayi 18, 1323, uThomas Aquinas walungiselelwa nguPopu John XXII kunye neCawa yamaRoma Katolika. KwiBhunga laseTrent lenkulungwane ye-1567, iSumma Theologica yakhe yazukiswa ngendawo ebalaseleyo ecaleni kweBhayibhile. Ngo-XNUMX, uPopu Pius V wonyula uThomas Aquinas "Ugqirha weCawa". Kwaye ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, uPopu Leo XIII wacebisa ukuba imisebenzi ka-Aquino ifundiswe kuzo zonke iisemina zamaKatolika nakwizifundo zobufundisi kwihlabathi liphela.
Namhlanje uThomas Aquinas usafundwa ngabafundi beBhayibhile kunye nabaphengululi bezakwalizwi bazo zonke iicawa, kubandakanya abavangeli. Wayelikholwa elizinikeleyo, engalalanisi ekuzinikeleni kwakhe kuYesu Krestu, kufundo lwezibhalo ezingcwele kunye nomthandazo. Imisebenzi yakhe ayinasiphelo kwaye ayinakuphikiswa ifanelekile ukuba ifundwe.