UbuShamanism: ingcaciso, imbali kunye neenkolelo
Inkqubo yokwenza ubuShamanism ifumaneka kwihlabathi liphela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo kwaye ibandakanya ubumoya obuhlala bufumaneka kwimeko eguqulweyo yokungazi. I-shaman idla ngokufumana isikhundla esihlonishwayo ekuhlaleni kwaye idlale indima ebalulekileyo yobunkokeli.
UbuShamanism
"I-Shaman" ligama eliqhelekileyo elisetyenziswa ngoochwephesha ukuchaza ingqokelela yeendlela neenkolelo, uninzi lwazo ezinento yokwenza nokuvumisa, unxibelelwano lokomoya kunye nomlingo.
Enye yeenkolelo eziphambili ezifumaneka kuqhelaniso lwe-shamanistic kukuba ekugqibeleni yonke into-kwaye wonke umntu-udibene.
Ubungqina bokuziphatha kwe-shamanic bufunyenwe eScandinavia, eSiberia nakwezinye iindawo zaseYurophu, kunye naseMongolia, Korea, Japan, China nase Australia. I-Inuit kunye neZizwe zokuqala zeZizwe zaseMelika zazisebenzisa ubumoya be-shamanic, kunye namaqela eMzantsi Melika, Mesoamerica nase-Afrika.
Imbali kunye ne-anthropology
Igama elithi shaman ngokwalo lenziwe ngamacandelo amaninzi. Ngelixa abantu abaninzi besiva igama elithi shaman kwaye bacinge kwangoko ngamadoda amayeza oMdabu baseMelika, izinto zinobunkunkqele kunokuba kunjalo.
"I-Shaman" ligama eliqhelekileyo elisetyenziswa ngoochwephesha ukuchaza ingqokelela yeendlela neenkolelo, uninzi lwazo ezinento yokwenza nokuvumisa, unxibelelwano lokomoya kunye nomlingo. Uninzi lweenkcubeko zomthonyama, kubandakanya kodwa kungaphelelanga apho kwizizwe zaseMelika zaseMelika, i-shaman ngumntu oqeqeshekileyo ochithe ubomi bakhe bonke emva kokubizwa kwabo. Umntu akabhengezi nje ukuba ungoweshaman; endaweni yoko sisihloko esinikezelwe emva kweminyaka emininzi yokufunda.
Uqeqesho kunye nendima ekuhlaleni
Kwezinye iindawo, abantu abangooShaman badla ngokuba nesifo esibuthathaka, ukhubazeka emzimbeni okanye ukhubazeka okanye into ethile engaqhelekanga.
Phakathi kwezinye izizwe zeBorneo, ii-hermaphrodites zikhethelwe uqeqesho lwe-shamanic. Ngelixa uninzi lweenkcubeko zibonakala zikhetha njengabesilisa njengabaShaman, kwezinye kwakungeyiyo into yokuba amabhinqa aqeqeshelwe ukuba ngoochweli kunye nabaphilisi. Umbhali uBarbara Tedlock uthi kwi-Woman emzimbeni we-Shaman: Ukufaka ibango lobufazi kwiNkolo kunye noNyango ukuba ubungqina bufunyenwe ukuba ama-shamans okuqala afumaneka ngexesha le-Paleolithic ye-Czech Republic ayengabafazi.
Kwizizwe zaseYurophu, amabhinqa ayenokuziqhelanisa no-shaman ecaleni kwekhaya okanye endaweni yamadoda. Uninzi lweeNorse luchaza imisebenzi eqhelekileyo yevolva, okanye imboni yabasetyhini. Kwimizuzwana emininzi kunye ne-edda, iinkcazo zesiprofetho ziqala ngomgca ufikelwa yingoma kwimilebe yakhe, ebonisa ukuba amagama alandelayo lelikaThixo, othunyelwe ngevolvo njengomthunywa koothixo. Phakathi kwabantu beCeltic, inqaku lembali linokuthi ababingeleli abangamakhwenkwe abalithoba babehlala kwisiqithi esikunxweme lweBreton benobugcisa obunobuchule bokuprofeta kwaye besenza imisebenzi yobunyangi.
Kwincwadi yakhe ethi The Nature of Shamanism kunye ne-Shamanic Ibali, uMichael Berman uxoxa ezininzi zeengcinga eziphosakeleyo ezijikeleze ubuShamanism, kubandakanya umbono wokuba iseshaman ngandlel 'ithile inemimoya esebenzisana nayo. Ewe, uBerman uthi i-shaman ihlala ikulawulo olupheleleyo, kuba akukho hlanga lwendabuko olunokwamkela i-shaman engakwazi ukulawula ilizwe lemimoya. Uthi,
"Imeko ephefumlelweyo yabaphefumli inokuthi ithathelwe ingqalelo imeko ye-shaman kunye neemfihlakalo zenkolo u-Eliade awabiza ngokuba ngabaprofeti, ngelixa imeko yokuzibamba ifana nelizwe elinengqondo."
Ubungqina bokuziphatha kwe-shamanic bufunyenwe eScandinavia, eSiberia nakwezinye iindawo zaseYurophu, kunye naseMongolia, Korea, Japan, China nase Australia. I-Inuit kunye neZizwe zokuqala zeZizwe zaseMelika zazisebenzisa ubumoya be-shamanic, kunye namaqela eMzantsi Melika, Mesoamerica nase-Afrika. Ngamanye amagama, ifunyenwe kuninzi lwehlabathi elaziwayo. Into enomdla kukuba akukho bungqina bekhonkrithi kunye nekhonkrithi edibanisa ubu-shamanism kunye nehlabathi leCeltic, isiGrike okanye iilwimi zaseRoma.
Namhlanje kukho iqela labahedeni abalandela uhlobo lwe-eclectic ye-neo-shamanism. Rhoqo kubandakanya ukusebenza kunye ne-totem okanye izilwanyana zokomoya, ukuhamba kwamaphupha kunye nophando lokubonwayo, ukucamngca kwe-trance kunye nokuhamba nge-astral. Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba uninzi lwezinto ezithengiswayo okwangoku njenge "shamanism yanamhlanje" azifani nezenzo zeshamanic zabantu bomthonyama. Isizathu soku silula: umntu ongumthonyama ongumthonyama, ofunyanwa kwisizwe esincinci sasemaphandleni senkcubeko ekude, ubethelwa kuloo nkcubeko mihla le, kwaye indima yakhe njenge-shaman ichazwa yimicimbi yenkcubeko yelo qela.
UMichael Harner ngumphengululi wezinto zakudala kunye nomseki weSiseko seZifundo zeShamanic, iqela elingenzi nzuzo elinikezelwe ukugcina iziko le-shamanic kunye nezithethe ezityebileyo zamaqela abomdabu belizwe. Umsebenzi ka-Harner uzame ukubuyisela ubuShaman kwi-neo -hedeni yeli xesha, ngelixa lihlonipha iinkqubo zentsusa kunye neenkolelo. Umsebenzi we-Harner ukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwemigqomo yesigqi njengesiseko esisiseko se-shamanism kwaye ngo-1980 ipapasha indlela ye-Shaman: Isikhokelo samandla kunye nokuphilisa. Le ncwadi ithathwa ngabaninzi njengebhulorho phakathi kwendabuko yemveli yemveli kunye neendlela zesimanje zeNeoshaman.
Iinkolelo kunye neengqikelelo
Kuma-shamans okuqala, iinkolelo kunye neendlela zakwenziwa njengempendulo kwiimfuno ezisisiseko zomntu zokufumana ingcaciso kunye nokusebenzisa ulawulo oluthile kwimicimbi yendalo. Umzekelo, inkampani yokuzingela inyamakazi inokwenza iminikelo kwimimoya eneempembelelo kubungakanani bemihlambi okanye isisa samahlathi. Uluntu olwalandelayo lwamalungu anokuxhomekeka koothixo noothixokazi abalawula imozulu, ukuze babe nokuvuna okuninzi kunye nemfuyo esempilweni. Uluntu luye ke lwaxhomekeka emsebenzini we-shaman kwintlalo-ntle yabo.
Enye yeenkolelo eziphambili ezifumaneka kuqhelaniso lwe-shamanistic kukuba ekugqibeleni yonke into-kwaye wonke umntu-udibene. Ukusuka kwizityalo kunye nemithi ukuya ematyeni nakwizilwanyana nasemiqolombeni, zonke izinto ziyinxalenye xa iyonke. Ngapha koko, yonke into ifakwe ngumoya wayo, okanye umphefumlo, kwaye inokudityaniswa kwindiza engabonakaliyo. Le ndlela yokucinga imodareyitha ivumela ukuba uShamaman ahambe phakathi kwehlabathi lokwenyani kunye nolawulo lwezinye izidalwa, esebenza njengomdibanisi.
Kananjalo, ngenxa yokukwazi ukuhamba phakathi kwehlabathi lethu kunye neloya lommandla womoya mkhulu, um-shaman ngumntu ohlala abelana ngeziprofetho kunye nemiyalezo ye-oracular kunye nalabo abanokufuna ukuziva. Le miyalezo inokuba yinto elula kwaye ijolise ngokukodwa, kodwa amaxesha amaninzi kunokuba, ayizinto ezinokuthi zichaphazele uluntu lonke. Kwezinye iinkcubeko, kuyaxoxiswana nomzabalazi ngenjongo yokuqonda kunye nesikhokelo ngaphambi kokuba kuthathwe izigqibo ngabadala. I-shaman iya kuhlala isebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obubangela ithongo lokufumana le mibono kunye nemiyalezo.
Ekugqibeleni, i-shamans ihlala isebenza njengabaphilisi. Banokulungisa ukugula emzimbeni ngokunyanga ukungalingani okanye ukonakalisa umoya womntu. Oku kunokwenziwa ngemithandazo elula okanye izithethe ezibanzi ezibandakanya umdaniso kunye nengoma. Kuba esi sifo sikholelwa ekubeni sivela kwimimoya engendawo, i-shaman iya kusebenza ukuqhuba izinto ezimbi emzimbeni womntu kwaye ikhusele umntu ekonzakaleni okungaphezulu.
Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba ubuShamanism abuyonto ngokwenkolo; endaweni yoko, yingqokelela yeendlela zokomoya ezityebileyo eziphembelela imeko yenkcubeko elikuyo. Namhlanje abantu abaninzi baziqhelanisa no-shamans kwaye nganye bayenza ngendlela ekhethekileyo nethe ngqo kuluntu lwabo kunye nembono yehlabathi. Kwiindawo ezininzi, ii-shamans zanamhlanje zibandakanyeka kwimicimbi yezopolitiko kwaye zihlala zithatha iindima eziphambili kwiinzame zokulwa, ngakumbi ezo zigxile kwimicimbi yendalo.